On Decay of the Art of Lying Essay Essay Example

On Decay of the Art of Lying Essay Example On Decay of the Art of Lying Essay On Decay of the Art of Lying Essay On rot of the specialty of lying paper â€Å"On Decay of the Art of Lying† was, as the title proposes, an exposition examining the subject of lying. Imprint Twain, who was the writer of the exposition, recommends that everybody is a liar, and that nobody can experience existence without lying regardless of whether they guarantee that they are totally legit. Individuals lie regular, consistently even without understanding that they are lying. The world would be a totally better place if individuals never lied, this wouldn’t essentially be to improve things in any case. Lying isn’t in every case terrible as the vast majority see it to be. Lying is utilized a great deal when attempting to abstain from offending and to maintain a strategic distance from a type of contention, for example, battling or contending. Twain thinks lying is acceptable, when it is polite and used to make everybody upbeat and not simply yourself. The creator makes a decent admirable sentiment when he makes reference to that a lie to preferable everybody is better over a reality that harms everybody, which I completely support. Twain needs everybody to work on lying in an insightful and unselfish way since it will make the world a more pleasant spot. Previously, perusing this paper I had consistently thought of lying similar to an awful thing despite the fact that I do it here and there. Subsequent to understanding this, I am completely persuaded that lying can be acceptable. I never acknowledged perusing this that individuals lie so a lot, much increasingly then they could ever think since they once in a while don’t notice it. I am likewise beginning to see all the more the amount me and the individuals around me lie constantly even pretty much the littlest things that don’t even appear to issue that much. I completely bolster everything that has been said in this exposition.

Homicide essays

Murder articles Murder is characterized as the taking of a people life by another individual. There are five unique kinds of crime that have similitudes and contrasts from one another that I will clarify. There are numerous conditions in figuring out what sort of crime has happened. A portion of those conditions incorporate whether the wrongdoing was purposeful, the age of the guilty party, the intention of the wrongdoer and the feelings that the wrongdoer is encountering before the demonstration was submitted. As per the Bureau of Justice, the manslaughter rate multiplied from the mid 1980s to the late 1990s. During the 1980s, the crime rate arrived at its most elevated rate at 10.2 per 100,000, and diminished to 7.9 per 100,000 out of 1985. In the late 1980s and the mid 1990s, the murder rate expanded to 9.8 per 100,000. From that point onward, the rate has observably declined, down to 5.5 per 100,000 continuously 2000. Because of composing this paper I will characterize, separate and clarify the kinds of murder, how the crime is carried out, and the outcomes of carrying out the manslaughter, and give models and legal disputes including the crime. The peruser will increase significant data about these wrongdoings and their punishments that can be useful later on or in a vocation. The main kind of murder is automatic homicide. Automatic murder is the unexpected executing of another individual, during a commission of an unlawful demonstration submitted illicitly or with net carelessness, without perniciousness or plan. Perniciousness is malevolence, a goal to cause injury on someone else. A case of automatic murder would be; on the off chance that somebody devoured enough liquor to weaken their driving capacities and attempted to drive their vehicle home, hitting someone while they were crossing the road and executing that individual. Automatic murder is a class 5 lawful offense. Donald Tucker of Rowan County, MD was sentenced for automatic mansl... <! manslaughter papers Manslaughter can be stopped by discipline. As indicated by humanist Travis Hirschi, individuals control themselves from perpetrating violations like crime when they have effectively fashioned what he calls a social bond with traditional society. Hirschi discloses the four parts to this social bond as connection, duty, contribution, and conviction. Connection would be the enthusiastic part of the bond, it is illustrative of individual connections. Responsibility would allude to assets and expected advantages that would be removed if one somehow happened to carry out a wrongdoing. Inclusion is the time and vitality one employments of the social bond. Convictions are the ethical angle one won't submit a crime since it is accepted to not be right. On the off chance that this social bond stays solid, it avoids individuals submitting freak acts like manslaughter. In the event that this social bond is non-existent or gets feeble, an individual will be at more serious hazard for disrupting t he norms of society. On the off chance that an individual is discouraged by their conviction that it will cost them esteemed social connections then manslaughter can be forestalled and deflected. Indicted killers ought to be executed due to a severe understanding of the lex-talionis, tit for tat. These sentenced killers have the right to be executed anyway delivering retribution in such a strict interpretation probably won't be the best strategy. In this way, relative requital would be more qualified for our general public. This would necessitate that the individuals who carry out the most genuine wrongdoings would be rebuffed more than the individuals who perpetrate less genuine violations. Since a people danger of turning into a homicide casualty has a great deal to do with their age, sex, race, ethnicity and class, murder can be dissuaded. African Americans have higher paces of homicide exploitation for all age gatherings. The main source of death for African American people between the ages of 15 24 is murder. African Americans were multiple times almost certain than whites to hav... <!

We Started the Fire

We Started the Fire Happy International Left-Handers Day yesterday! Ive never had to deal with righty desks before, so if you see me beating a chair to splinters in 10-250 next year, you know the reason. Back when I was in high school (which is a phrase that makes me sound like Im 64 and recounting my cavorting days as a youngn, and not like how I half think Ill be back in high school this fall), I was one of the AP kids, as Im sure a lot of you were. But theres so much I dont agree with about the AP system. Mostly, its that its entirely centered around getting that 5. Maybe that wasnt true at your high school, but in all ten classes I took there was a cramming fervor around spring (that may or may not have included living in the library, seeing your AP US teacher in uncomfortably short shorts, and existing solely on Wintergreen Lifesavers because your freshman biology teacher once mentioned they stimulate your brain), then coasting post-exams until school ended (that may or may not have included watching The Breakfast Club, Indiana Jones, and the Food Network). Nothing about that says Were doing this to really learn! to me. Everything was scheduled around that test. About half of my classes also had finals before the AP exam, to 1) prepare us for the exams even more, and 2) allow us to party even harder after the test was over. Getting that perfect score became so much the purpose of the exams that when I got into college, I was actually surprised to find that I could get credit for them. They had just become more requisite SAT IIs, except longer and with less expensive prep classes. The supposed reward of credit was long forgotten behind integration rules and all the New Deal programs. Theoretically, though, the real reward is supposed to be incurring a love for the subject matter. And while my sense of humor has certainly gained from being one of Those Kids, recognizing the output of a recursive method under a time limit has never made me leap out of my chair and dance for joy of Java. (Plus, I havent retained most of it another one of my gripes about the system. Nodes? Just a funny word to me.)(Haha. Nodes.) Enough of the ranting, though. The point is that last night, a group of us helped our friend Nish take his scribbled-in prep books and scantrons to the beach (one that allows bonfires, so I promise this is all perfectly legal), and said our (thoroughly non-tearful) goodbyes to the days of merely skimming the surface and learning for the sake of a grade instead of for the sake of ourselves. This is the dawning of a new age. The Age of Real Education. The Age of Aquarius. I mean, what? (I really just included those two pictures because theyre probably among the best Ive ever taken. Check out that air!) I began this summer exhausted. Chasing down 5s is hard work, especially when it becomes your sole purpose. And after my final exams high school slowed to a pace that I could walk beside (meaning, watching four hours of movies a day, and sleeping through the other half). To say it made me uncomfortable is an understatement it gave me a chance to look at the one-track mind Id developed and wonder if itd be enough to keep me afloat out there. So I made no major plans; I simply resolved to take it one day at a time. And I know its silly, but watching those books crumble into embers with Sufjan Stevens on repeat in the background was enough to clear my head. I do know nothing can really prepare you for the firehose of an MIT education. But I think if theres any one thing that at least makes you a little braver, its throwing out your baggage. Try this one at home, kids.

Effects of Consumerism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 265 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Environment Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Ecological Footprint Essay Pollution Essay Did you like this example? Imprints on Planet Earth| Consumerism effects Is consumerism just another fancy word for shopping? Who is to say that one person’s ecological footprint from consuming has no effect on the planet? An ecological footprint, also known as a carbon footprint, is the scientific measure of one’s consumption and the effect of their expenditure to the planet earth (Heddings Frazier,  2009). Every small act of consumption is a connection to a larger picture. As the population grows, so does the amount of consumption. Many broad differences between consumerism and sustainability exist. Depending on one’s perception of capitalism, which is the right of every being to acquire and have capital, be it money or tangible possessions. What one might consider a necessity, another might see as needless and wasteful. The desire for a better life often influences consumerism. While everyone needs to consume, unnecessary consumerism is damaging the planet by overflowin g the landfills, creating higher greenhouse gasses with pollution, and causing global warming. Finally, although every being needs to consume to some extent, consumerism in an excess of what is primarily for sustainability, is damaging the planet with air pollution and overflowing landfills. An interesting fact is there are places in Costa Rica that currently use the waste-to-energy system [ (Docksai, 2009) ]. Transported excrements from people and animals are broken down with enzymes and bacteria to form a natural gas used for energy in the villages [ (Docksai, 2009) ]. The same concept can be applied to the garbage from municipal solid waste. To reduce ones ecological footprint, there are small changes everyone can implement to make the difference. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Consumerism" essay for you Create order

Essay on Are Red Light Cameras the Answer - 2053 Words

Are Red Light Cameras the Answer? The automobile’s invention revolutionized the American transportation system. It allowed people to move themselves and cargo from city-to-city and state-to-state in a much faster and efficient manner. Its numbers increased as it gained popularity and became affordable. This led to the development of road networks both within and between cities. Problems arose in the areas where roads intersected each other; accidents occurred at these intersections due to the lack in control of vehicular movements. Cities employed people to direct traffic at busy intersections to address this issue, but eventually the intersections became too numerous to control using this method. The development of automated†¦show more content†¦However, this method of traffic enforcement is not without its drawbacks. Intersection monitoring with RLCs is not acceptable because they increase rear end collisions, suffer legal uncertainties, and effective alterna tive methods are available. Background Red light running is a serious issue in the United States. According to T. Walden and B. Bochner (2011), it is estimated these violations result in over 100,000 accidents and 1,000 fatalities each year. The economic impact is assessed to be over $14 billion dollars annually (â€Å"Effectiveness of Red Light Cameras-Texas Statewide Evaluation,† p. 30). Typical costs include items such as property damage, medical expenses, response expenditures, etc. The monetary costs are significant, but the loss of life is incalculable. N. Elminity and E. Radwan (2008) state that drivers who run red lights are the primary cause of high-speed angular collisions at intersections (â€Å"Issues Related to Red-Light Camera Enforcement Systems,† p. 32). RLCs are an attempt to increase safety and reduce risk at problematic intersections in order to mitigate these costs. RLCs utilize different triggering methods. According to the Redflex Traffic Systems website, their system uses radar activated cameras to observe intersections. The radar device mounts on poles at each corner near the traffic signals. This configuration provides coverage of theShow MoreRelatedRed Light Cameras: A Direction Violation of our Constitutional Rights, or a Necessary Safety Measure?1350 Words   |  5 Pages Red Light Cameras: A Direction Violation of our Constitutional Rights, Or a Necessary Safety Measure? There is no doubt that red-light cameras have gained increasing popularity among local municipalities following Florida’s 2010 decision allowing local governments to install them. The city of Lakeland elected to install nine additional cameras in just the past three years alone (Dunkelberger). Revenue and citations are not the only things that red-light cameras are generating; more and more citizensRead MorePhoto Enforcement Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagespresents of photo enforcement cameras on roadways have been an issue for a long time. There have been many debates about whether they are safe or dangerous on the roads. The companies, who make them claim they are safe, yet even some enforcement officials think they cause more accidents than preventing them. Representative Quayle, enforcement cameras should be banned because of the dangers they cause society, harming both the person and their rights. Photo enforcement cameras are causing quite a commotionRead MoreData Analysis Methods And Analysis Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesBureau. ï  ¶ Red Light Camera Programs: obtained through news reports and calls to city police departments or public works department. ï  ¶ Calendar Years: 2004-2008 represented the latest 5 years for fatal crash rates available of the after study period while 1992-1996 represented the before study period. ï  ¶ Fatality Analysis Reporting System: data on fatal crashes at intersections with signal lights extracted for 1992-1996 and 2004-2008. ï  ¶ Poisson Regression Model: examines the relationship of camera enforcementRead MoreThe Wizard Of Oz By F. Frank Baum1423 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience lessons and learn from them, rather than simply telling her an answer. In this scene, the Wicked Witch of the West goes to Munchkinland after discovering that her sister has been killed by, albeit, Dorothy’s house. The witch dramatically enters in a cloud of rich, red smoke. The munchkins scurry away, hide, and take cover. After Glinda introduces the witch to Dorothy, the witch proceeds to attempts to take the red ruby slippers from her sister’s feet. However, Glinda magically transportsRead MoreQuotes For Lord Capulet737 Words   |  3 PagesEssay Outline The Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees play at least 22 games a year just against each other, not including playoffs. They are also the largest rival baseball team of all times. Romeo and Juliet could be portrayed using the Capulets as Boston and the Montagues as New York. At one of the games between them taking place in Fenway Park, Romeo and Juliet meet and hit it off right away. Although their rivals, they do not realize who they are until after the game. In my favorite sceneRead MoreAlfred Hitchcock s Marnie ( 1964 )1367 Words   |  6 Pages Alfred Hitchcock’s Marnie (1964) depicts the psychological development of a young woman as she navigates a life of crime and familial melodrama, ultimately unlocking the suppressed memories that offer answers to her childhood traumas. The director utilizes evocative mise-en-scene, subjective point-of-view shots, and expressive lighting schemes in order to project the title character’s internal state onto the physical world of the film. In doing so, Hitchcock crafts a diegetic universe that reflectsRead MoreInvestigation of Techniques used by Gary Sininse to Interest His Audience in His Screen Adaptation of Of Mice and Men693 Words   |  3 Pagesthrough the village, which creates a chasing action packed mood. The director also decided to use a variety of different camera shot to be used in different places, for different reasons in order to make the film more exciting. Some examples for the different ranges of camera shots used, for e.g. a close up of the girl running at the start in the red dress to show her facial expressions and how scared and desperate she is. Also there is a long shot of a group of men approachingRead More Photography Essay1719 Words   |  7 Pagesmedium and large format (Antonia LoSopio 7-8). Every photographer that uses a medium or large format camera is not a fine artists by any means, yet most average photographers don’t have a desire to shell out $5,000 for a medium format camera, nor do people want to take the time that a larger camera requires. I personally have spent up to four hours just composing the frame with a large format camera before I even used one piece of film. Also medium format and large format film cannot be processedRead MoreEssay about The Shawshank Redemption1040 Words   |  5 Pagesinmates, Red Redding bet his buddies that Andy would be the first of the new inmates to break that night. Andy would prove him wrong many times over the years. Although pleading innocent, he quickly adapts to prison life keeping himself quiet and reserved from the other inmates but prisoners and guards alike are soon to realise that Andy Dufresne is unlike any man to enter Shawshank before. As he settles to Shawshank Andy begins to become friends with Red who isRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Matrix And Gorilla1360 Words   |  6 Pagesthe universe of people is a substitute adaptation of reality reproduced through a PC of composed codes and projects, this world is known as the Matrix.In one of the most punctual scenes in the film, Neo is demonstrated gazing at a screen, which the camera concentrates on to uncover, the words take after the white rabbit. The intertextual reference to Lewis Carroll s 1865 novel Alice in Wonderland as of now starts to disclose the possibility of a substitute reality or universe to the audience

Conversation Analysis and the X Factor Free Essays

string(190) " as justifying why they cannot answer the question, this response also subtly signals solidarity by communicating surreptitiously that there are no ‘hard feelings’ between them\." Part 1 I have selected an interview with X-Factor judge Kelly Rowland, in which she finds out that contestant Frankie Cocozza has been ‘kicked off’ of the show. Transcription methods vary depending on what the analyst chooses to investigate. In this particular case, as I was interested in, not only how the speakers perform social activities through language (Seedhouse, 2008), but also the contribution of their non-verbal actions, I chose Conversation Analysis (CA). We will write a custom essay sample on Conversation Analysis and the X Factor or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, one must point out that, although CA emphasises empirical, data-led research â€Å"to guard against building speculative theories,† (Hewings, 2008, p. 4), it is futile to suppose one single, authoritative version of the original event exists (Graddol, 1994). Furthermore, not all features of spoken interaction can be captured, nor can specific motives be attributed to a certain non-verbal action. 01Reporter: of course we are a:bsolutely huge fans of you on the[x factor 02Kelly: [thank you 03Reporter:(loving watching [you 04Kelly: [thank you 05Reporter: um (. ) but b. but (. ) w. we’re sho(cked to hear today ((fiddles with hair)) that Frankie’s (. ) gone (. ) what can you tell ? us ? w. hat do you make of that 06Kelly:(0. 2) what(= 07PA:= I don’t we don’t we’ve been lo(cked in a room [all day 08Reporter: [oh re::ally( hah hah (. ) oh gosh yeah( th. they released a statement saying that he um (. ) that he’s decided to leave 09PA :(. ) oh I don’t know I think we’ll have [to ( ) 10Reporter: [oh I’m sorry I ( ) 11Kelly: ((holds up hand as if to stop)) [yeah cos that would be quite the face to have from [that oh my god 12Reporter: [I’m so sorry I didn’t realise it like broke all over twitter (. and I um we got a ? statement ? about it 13PA:((Kelly looks at her PA)) (0. 2) I don’t know we’ll have to cos (Ellen’s not (here from (. ) talkback we haven’t we’d need to get that [verified 14Kelly: [ye: :ah [I’m sorry 15PA:[ ( ) music interview [today 16Reporter: [like no no I’m sorry I didn’t mean to= 17PA: =well hahhah 18Reporter:I I didn’t mean to [like 19PA: [ ( ) 20Reporter:Yeah sorry I didn’t mean to [like um I didn’t realise that you (. ) didn’t know 21Kelly: [ ((she sighs loudly)) (0. 3) (poor guy( 380 words Part 2 Conversation Analysis is based on the idea that what is said draws a vast amount of meaning from what is left unsaid (Maybin, 2007). Seemingly incoherent conversations are actually organised in an orderly fashion, centred around the cooperation of participants (Hewings, 2008). The excerpt I have chosen is particularly interesting as, although it stems from a potentially scripted situation, due to Kelly’s misinformation, the entire conversation immediately shifts to unscripted. The conversation begins with informal ‘small talk,’ known as phatic communion (Malinowski, 1923. Its primary purpose is not its content, but rather to bind the reporter and Kelly together before ‘getting down to business. ‘ The reporter’s opening comment of being an absolutely huge fan of hers on the X-Factor establishes an interactional framework for the encounter. As the interviewer, she is expected to lead the conversation, yet her continuous opening compliments  œ â€Å"loving watching you†- show that she is aware of Kelly’s higher status and, thus, is paying far more attention to face needs (Levinson, 1987). â€Å"Face† is a term coined by sociologist Goffman (1967) for people’s public self-image. Here, the reporter, keen to obtain a successful interview, uses compliments to focus on positive face needs, fitting with Holmes’ (1994) research that women are more likely to give compliments as a way of gaining popularity through ‘egalitarian norms. ‘ Although turn-taking may be taken for granted, it is actually managed through a complex range of linguistic and social signals. In the transcript, we can see that normally one person talks at a time, and any instances of overlap are quickly repaired (lines 15-16). Early conversation analyst, Sacks (1974), suggests this is due to people’s shared cultural knowledge of the kind of ‘script’ used in certain speech events. Therefore, turns can be roughly predicted. Furthermore, this intuitive knowledge is based on adjacency pairs, where particular utterances and responses tend to occur together – e. g. , lines 1-4, where each compliment is answered with â€Å"thank you. † Through this dialogic comprehension, turns can easily be allocated. In addition to adjacency pairs, Sacks noticed that speakers unconsciously respond at the end of a grammatical unit, rather than in the middle. In lines 5-7, we see clear examples of transition relevance places (TRP), where the reporter pauses for a response, allowing both other interlocutors to speak. Sometimes, one can slightly overlap the previous speaker or break in before a TRP (e. g. , lines 9-10), which is classed as an interruption. The concept of maintaining face is a constant reference point throughout the interaction, especially when the journalist discovers that Kelly does not know that Frankie has left the competition. Determined to both satisfy Kelly’s face needs, as well as to protect her own, the journalist begins apologising profusely (lines 10-20), in addition to hedging expressions (line 18) to avoid a face-threatening act, personifying the British ‘negative politeness’ culture (Brown, 1987). Line 12 even shows an example of typical political rhetoric whereby the journalist immediately changes her usage of the pronoun ‘I’ to ‘we’ in order to give collective responsibility (Beard, 2008) for the news on Frankie’s departure. This signal of inclusiveness is another device used to save face and ensure that conversation continues running smoothly. It is interesting, however, that, contrary to the belief that a person will use ‘I’ when wanting credit for an idea, the journalist still uses ‘we’ (line 5). Given that ‘we’ can have various potential meanings, here it would appear to be a mechanism to emphasise with the British public – ‘we,’ as a whole, are shocked at the news. Even so, when apologising, the journalist shifts back to the first person singular, almost as if she feels she has the sole responsibility to maintain face, both for personal and professional motives. Spoken conversation is filled with inexplicit references that are understood by a considerable amount of shared knowledge between speakers. In line 13, when replying to the journalist, the PA announces that ‘Ellen’ is not here – we can assume that the journalist knows who Ellen is but, just to make sure, the PA adds ‘from Talkback’ (X-Factor’s Production Company). As well as justifying why they cannot answer the question, this response also subtly signals solidarity by communicating surreptitiously that there are no ‘hard feelings’ between them. You read "Conversation Analysis and the X Factor" in category "Essay examples" As Levinson’s (1987) study shows, people are remarkably adept at interpreting these inexplicit nuances and, thus, it should serve to put the journalist more at ease. These references are closely linked to elliptical structures, such as in line 3 where, although the clause lacks some words, its meaning is inferable from its context. These half-finished sentences are a key part of everyday interactions, yet would seem highly inappropriate in written English. As all speakers are women in this transcript, it is easy to identify their specific style features. According to Lakoff (1975), women are more cooperative and work harder to make conversations run smoother. This aspect is clearly detectable throughout the extract by both the journalist’s repeated apologies and Kelly and her PA’s attempts to casually move away from the issue. This non-confrontational collaborative speech style also centres around an interest in people’s feelings (Goodwin, 1990). However, as opposed to Lakoff’s suggestion that women use more tag questions and weaker vocabulary, we see no examples of this in the conversation. One reason may be that the women have no reason to show deference, as there are no men involved and, thus, they do not have to conform to the belief that they occupy a less powerful position in society. One predominant metaphor comes in line 7 of the text when the PA states that they have been â€Å"locked† in a room all day. This device both emphasises that they truly have no idea about the news, as well as serving as a pointer to guide the conversation into a different direction. In response to this metaphor, we see continual repetition from the journalist (in particular, â€Å"yeah† and â€Å"sorry†). Although repetition is typically used to persuade, here it performs the dual function of consciously expressing the journalist’s nervousness as well as unconsciously signalling how the other speakers should respond. The repetition of â€Å"sorry† is used to indicate the journalist’s desire to not impose upon them and avoid any act that may threaten face. In terms of prosody, the use of intonational shift is very significant, as it highlights particular key words, as well as prompting the other speakers when to reply (Atkinson, 1984). In line 6, Kelly’s voice rises up on â€Å"What? † to express disbelief and concern at the information that she has been given. Similarly, we see a fall in intonation on the last remark â€Å"Poor guy,† which signals completion as well as sadness. Likewise, the lengthy stress on â€Å"yeah† (line 14) shows acknowledgement of the PA’s utterance and provides a sense of cooperation with her. A related concept is the function of softly spoken words. In line 5, ‘us’ is murmured softly in order to place the journalist on the same level as the interviewee. Despite the typical image of a journalist, this lady wants to show that she is truly interested in how Kelly feels about Frankie’s departure on a personal level. In line 12, ‘statement’ is pronounced quietly to perhaps ‘soften the blow’ of the news. As a statement is something official, it highlights the fact that the news is real, and not just a rumour. Therefore, in order to save face, the journalist tactfully pronounces the word. This conversation extract is filled with various meaningful pauses. A lot of these pauses occur within a syntactic unit before an important content word (e. g. line 20) to subtly inform the speaker that they are not finished yet. However, there are also prolonged pauses, such as in line 21 – in this case, Kelly is genuinely shocked at the news and needs to carefully plan her answer before speaking. For celebrities, this is even more important, as anything they do say can be subject to scrutiny. The journalistâ€℠¢s utterances are also classified by filled pauses, such as ‘um’ and ‘hahhah’ – this shows hesitancy on her part and a caution to ensure that she does not make the situation anymore awkward than it already is. This also explains the reasons for her continual cluttered speech (e. . , line 5) – on breaking the news, she cannot predict Kelly’s reaction, and so she nervously brings up the topic, not sure of the best approach, eluding the usual self-assured journalistic persona. Finally, when looking at body language, it appears that it communicates a lot non-verbally. Firstly, in line 5, the reporter fiddles with her hair as she relates the announcement. Although we cannot claim 100% what this means, it is highly likely that this is a comforting action in a tense situation. In line 11, Kelly’s raising of the hand signals that she wishes to stop and does not want her reaction recorded. Line 13 similarly expresses uncertainty on Kelly’s part when she looks at her PA for reassurance before speaking. Finally, in line 21, the prolonged sigh emphasises with Frankie’s grief. Overall, this particular extract fascinated me, as it shows how scripted conversation can quickly turn unscripted when typical conventions break down. Non-fluency features are common and evident – there are excessive hesitations, stuttering and repetition by the journalist and spontaneous turn-taking procedures seen by the interruptions and overlaps of Kelly and her PA (Edwards, 2007). Furthermore, irregular supra segmental features are present, as well as fillers and echoes. Syntax is irregular, with convoluted utterances and incomplete sections as well as mid-sentence pauses. In my opinion, Conversation Analysis was the best method to transcribe this conversation as, without it, it would have been impossible to convey the specific emotions of each interlocutor as well as their non-verbal communication. Also, I felt that the false starts and fillers were incredibly relevant to the spontaneity of the extract, and provided an insight into each speaker’s thought process. I specifically chose to omit gaze in my transcript as CA has been criticised for over-analysing simple gestures – e. g. , blinking could merely be something in the eye, rather than lying. Using this transcription method, I have been able to analyse both ideational and interpersonal meaning (Halliday, 1978) and how it specifically relates to my chosen example. 1706 words (2086 words in total) References Atkinson, J. M. (1984) Our Master’s Voices: The Language and Body Language of Politics, London, Methuen Beard, A. 2007) ‘Using English to persuade’ in Maybin, J. , Mercer, N. , and Hewings, A. (eds) Using English, London, Routledge/The Open University, pp. 43-81 Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Crystal, D. (1985) ‘Things to remember when transcribing speech,’ Child Language Teaching and Therapy, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 235-239 Edwards, V. (2007) U211 Exploring the En glish Language, DVD 1: Language Play in English, Block B, Unit 11, Section 5, Milton Keynes, The Open University Goffman, E. (1967) Interactional Ritual, Harmondsworth, Penguin Goodwin, M. H. (1990) ‘Tactical use of stories: participation frameworks within girls’ and boys’ disputes’, Discourse Processes, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 33-71 Graddol, D. , Cheshire, J. , and Swann, J. (1994) Describing Language (2nd edn), Buckingham, Open University Press Halliday, M. A. K. (1978) Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning, London, Edward Arnold Hewings, A. 2008) U211 Exploring the English Language, ‘Conversation Analysis,’ Resource and Reference Materials, Unit 9, Section 1, Milton Keynes, The Open University Holmes, J. (2001) Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd edn), London, Longman Lakoff, R. (1975) Language and Women’s Place, New York, Harper Row Malinowski, B. (1923) ‘The problem of meaning in primitive languages’ in Ogden, C. K. and Richards, I. M. (eds) The Meaning of Meaning, London, Routledge Kegan Pa ul Maybin, J. (2007) ‘Everyday talk’ in Maybin, J. , Mercer, N. , and Hewings, A. eds) Using English, London, Routledge/The Open University, pp. 5-41 Percival, A. (2011) What? The moment Kelly finds out Frankie has been axed [online] London http://celebrity. aol. co. uk/2011/11/08/kelly-rowland-frankie-cocozza/ (Accessed: 29th Nov 2011) Sacks, H. , Schegloff, E. and Jefferson, G. (1974) ‘A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation’, Language, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 696-735 Seedhouse, P. (2008) U211 Exploring the English Language, DVD 1: Everyday Talk, Block B, Unit 9, Section 1, Milton Keynes, The Open University Vaid, V. (2011) 4 rules of Verbatim Transcription [online] Gurgaon http://www. indianscribes. com/4-rules-of-verbatim-transcription/ (Accessed: 2nd Dec 2011) ———————– Key to transcription methods used in this excerpt (. )Short untimed pause (0. 6)Timed interval [ ]Overlapping utterances or actions ( )Transcription doubtful (Marked rising shift in pitch (Marked falling shift in pitch : :Extension of sound or syllable .Stopping falling tone ? ? Talk that is quieter than surrounding talk How to cite Conversation Analysis and the X Factor, Essay examples

Emma Goldman and Anarchism free essay sample

All of these issues and more were taken into account when Emma Goldsmith became an activist and proponent of anarchism. What is anarchism? A formal definition of it nowadays would probably state that anarchism is a political philosophy which considers the state undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful. Anarchism promotes a stateless society opposing authority in the conduct of human relations. Emma Goldman was a self-pronounced anarchist and in her 1933 speech, â€Å"An Anarchist Looks at Life,† we get a glimpse of her ideology. In 1987, author Martha Solomon wrote what is credited as the first detailed study of Goldman to focus on her achievements as a rhetorician rather than on her involvement in particular causes. Solomons goal is to evaluate her in a spirit she would have preferred: appreciating her creative contributions and acknowledging her limitations (Solomon 149). † Solomon thoroughly examines a number of Goldman’s essays on a wide range of topics as well as her role as writer and publisher of her magazine, â€Å"Mother Earth. As Solomon analyzes Goldman’s literary theory, she accuses her of being too vague in her description of anarchism and is convinced that her beliefs are contradictory. In her â€Å"An Anarchist Looks at Life† speech, Emma Goldman starts off talking about â€Å"America, with its huge factories [and] the pedaling of a machine for ten hours a day at two dollars fifty a week. † Clearly she is talking about the highly industrialized state of the country as well as the dreadfully painstaking work schedule. The long hours mixed with the unsanitary and dangerous conditions of the workplace, made for an extremely stressful work environment. Injuries and even death were commonplace under these conditions which is why it made perfect sense for workers to demand better working conditions. Goldman alludes to this when she mentions the Haymarket Massacre in her speech. She describes it as â€Å"the greatest event in [her] life, which made [her] what [she] is. † The Haymarket Massacre, which took place at Haymarket Square in Chicago, began as a rally for striking workers who were advocating for an eight hour work day. It was during this rally when an unknown person threw a bomb at police officers resulting in ensuing gunfire. A group of anarchists were arrested and subsequently sent to death as a result of this. Goldman described this as five noble men being â€Å"judicially murdered by the state of Illinois. † The death of these Chicago â€Å"martyrs was [her] spiritual birth† and â€Å"their ideal became the motive of her entire life. † Goldman continues her speech acknowledging her realization that most people at the time had â€Å"a very inadequate, very strange and usually false conception of anarchism. She criticizes the press for causing this saying that the paper is â€Å"the last place to seek for truth in any state of form. † Goldman makes sure to convince people that it is not their fault that they feel the way they do. She says that it is the media’s fault for forcing their biased opinions upon them. She believed that â€Å"the function of anarchism in a revolutionary period [was] to minimize the violence of the revolution and replace it by constructive efforts. Anarchism is a releasing and liberating force because it teaches people to rely on their own possibilities, teaches them faith in liberty, and inspires men and women to strive for a state of social life where everyone shall be free and secure. † As an anarchist, Goldman proclaims that â€Å"anarchism repudiates any attempt of a group of men or of any individual to arrange life for others. † Obviously she feels that the government has too much input in how people live and manage their lives. The greater the freedom and the opportunities for every unit in society, the finer will be the individual and the better for society; and the more creative and constructive the life of the collectivity. † This quote in essence, sums up Emma Goldman’s ideology. In Martha Solomon’s analysis of Emma Goldman, she tries to convince the reader that Goldman’s ideology is contradictory. She claims that Like a wide-angle lens on a camera, [Goldman’s] anarchism widens her field of view but distorts her vision (Solomon, 86). She said earlier in her analysis that Goldmans â€Å"theories are better as a model for the life of a rebel than as a foundation for a new society (Solomon, 60). † Solomon makes it seem like Emma Goldman’s ideas about anarchist are almost like the platform for a religion. Looking back at Goldman’s speech, she does describe anarchism as a â€Å"releasing and liberating force† which â€Å"teaches faith in liberty. † How would this ideology be effective in solving the issues of the day concerning immigrants, civil rights, free speech, and criminal justice? Solomon uses Goldman’s quote, â€Å"the function of anarchism in a revolutionary period is to minimize the violence of the revolution and replace it by constructive efforts (Solomon, 62). † Solomon believed that with this quote, Goldman was forced to acknowledge that the theory she cherished was too avant-garde to be useful in correcting immediate problems (Solomon, 62). † In other words, she believed Goldman knew that her ideas pushed the boundaries of what was accepted as the norm a little too much. It was interesting looking at both Emma Goldman’s â€Å"An Anarchist Looks at Life† and Martha Solomon’s analysis in â€Å"Emma Goldman†. It was interesting to see how Solomon tried to use Goldman’s quotes to accuse her explanation of anarchism as being â€Å"too vague and unconvincing (Solomon 62). † The secondary source did fairly and effectively use the primary source, but I did not find it convincing. I don’t feel that Goldman’s ideology was contradictory and I feel that she did truly believe that her beliefs could work. Bibliography: Martha Solomon, Emma Goldman, Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers, 1987. Emma Goldsmith (1933, March), An Anarchist Looks at Life, speech presented at the Foyles Twenty-ninth Literary Luncheon

Fs5 Episode 1 Essay Example

Fs5 Episode 1 Essay Name of FS Student: April R. Umandap Course: Bachelor of Secondary Education Year section: III-edl Resource Teacher 1: Signature date: Resource Teacher 2: Signature date: Resource Teacher 3: Signature date: Cooperating School: My Target:In this episode, I must be able to: †¢ Deduce the lesson objectives after observing my Resource Teachers teach. †¢ See how the guiding principles in the formulation of lesson objectives are applied. †¢ Realize the importance of a clearly defined lesson objectives. My Performance (How I Will Be Rated? ) | | |FieldStudy 2, Episode 2- Lesson Objectives as My Guiding Star | |Focuses on: Application of the guiding principles on the development of lesson objectives | |Tasks |Exemplary |Superior |Satisfactory |Unsatisfactory | | |4 |3 |2 |1 | | | | | | | | |All tasks were done with |All or nearly all tasks were|Nearly all tasks were done |Fewer than half of tasks were| |Observation/ Documentation |Outstanding quality; work |done with high |with acceptable quality |done; or most objectives met | | |exceeds expectation |Quality | |but with poor quality | | |4 | |2 |1 | | | | | | | | | |3 | | | | | | | | | | |Analysis questions were |Analysis questions were |Analysis questions were not |Analysis questions were not | | |answered completely; in |answered completely |answered completely. |answered | | |depth answers; thoroughly | | | | |My Analysis |grounded on theories |Clear connection with |Grammar and spelling | | | |Exemplary grammar and |theories |acceptable |Grammar and Spelling | | |Spelling |Grammar and | |unsatisfactory | | 4 |spelling are | | | | | |superior | | | | | |3 |2 | | | | | | |1 | | | | | | | | |Reflection statements are |Reflection statements are |Reflection statements are |Reflection statements are | | |profound and |clear, but not clearly |shallow; supported by |unclear, and shallow and are | |Reflection |clear, supported by |supported by experiences |experiences from the |not supported by experienc es | | |experiences from the |from the |episode |from the | | |episode |episode | |episode | | |4 |3 |2 |1 | | | | | | | | |Portfolio is |Portfolio is complete, |Portfolio is incomplete; |Portfolio has many lacking | | |Complete, clear, |clear, well-organized and |supporting documentation is |components; is unorganized | | |well-organized and all |most |organized but is lacking |and unclear | | |Supporting documentation are|Supporting documentation are| | | | |located in sections clearly |available | | | | |designated |and/ or in | | |My Portfolio | |logical and | | | | |4 |clearly marked locations | | | | | |3 | | | | | | |2 | | | | | | |1 | | | | | | | |Submission |Before deadline |On the deadline |A day after the deadline |Two days or | | | | | |more after the deadline | | |4 |3 |2 |1 | | | | | | | |Sub Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | |Rating: | |Over-all Score |(Based on | | |Transmutation) | | | | | | | |_____________________________ ________________________ | |Signature of FS T eacher Date | |above Printed Name | | | | | |Transmutation of score to grade/ rating | |Score Grade Score Grade | |20 1. 0 99 12-13 2. 50 81 | |18-19 1. 25 96 11 2. 75 78 | |17 1. 93 10 3. 00 75 | |16 1. 75 90 8-9 3. 5 72 and | |15 2. 00 87 7-below 5 below | |14 2. 25 – 84 | | | FS2

Essay Sample on Civil Disobedience

Essay Sample on Civil Disobedience The term civil disobedience means refusal to obey civil laws in an effort to induce change in governmental policy or legislation, characterized by nonviolent means, theories on this term have been around for a long time. (American Heritage Dictionary 3rd Edition pg161) People like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. have took up and preached their own theories on civil disobedience. The two have there own reasons why to practice civil disobedience but there view on it is in similar manner. Mahatma Gandhi wanted to stop South African government from making all Indians register with Registrar of Asiatics. Martin Luther King Jr. wanted to stop the segregation of the colored people in southern parts of America. While both men fought for different causes they had a similar theme they both saw their people been treated unjustly. Martin Luther King Jr. saw colored people in southern parts of America been prosecuted on bass of there color. Mahatma Gandhi saw Indians been prosecuted on bass of there race. Both men knew that the only way to stop their prosecutors is by standing up to them. Mahatma Gandhi unlike most of Indian community wanted to stand up to Great Britain in passive resistance he called it a weapon of weak men. Gandhi believes that the way to stop the prosecution of his people is by civil disobedience. Mahatma Gandhi used civil disobedience because he knew that it was the only way that the Indian people could fight the Great Britain laws. Gandhis called his form of civil disobedience Satyagrahis and, one of the believe that Satyagrahis gave was that Indian people where strong and with that believe it made the Indian people believe they will have the power to over rule the laws that Great Britain passed. Gandhi also said that Satyagrahis was a peaceful form of civil disobedience and violence is prohibited even when it would be in their favor. Gandhi said that Satyagraha and brute force, being each a negation of the other. Another thing that Gandhi view on civil disobedience held was that when a person decide to be a part of the movement that he knows the consequences and is willing to pay the penalties for his actions. Satyagrahis used news journals and books to inform the people about what was happening, which was a good way to keep all the member informed. When all the does steps went into action Gandhi and a lot of Satyagrahis followers where send to jail. Gandhi told his followers that under Satyagrahis believes all of them should obey the rules that where set by the jail as long as they Ð £not inconsistent with [there] self-respect or with [there] religious convictions. After the Gandhi pull all of the his civil disobedience in action it didnt take long for the Great Britain to try to come to some kind of a compromise with the Indian community about the registration laws. Gandhi strong believe in hi Satyagrahis was what helped him and the rest of the Indian community stop their prosecutors and gain some freedom for his people. Gandhi believed that his use for civil disobedience was justified because Great Britain and their government was treating the Indian unfair and would keep doing that until the Indian would stand up to them. In same way as Gandhi used civil disobedience to protect his people from racial prosecution Martin Luther King Jr. used tactic s of civil disobedience to protect the colored people from prosecution based on their color. Martin Luther King Jr. just like Gandhi was a leader in his community and believed that civil disobedience was the way to change the laws and feeling that where set against the colored people in southern states of America. King believed that only way to get his point across is by taking action but he just like Gandhi believed that the action that has to be taking should be in form of non-violent protest and with out use of any physical force. King also says that to justify acts of civil disobedience you must have prove that wrong is been done to you and have fact to prove why you are opposing something or someone. King justified his act of civil disobedience by show that there was a lot of hatred towards the Negroes by the country police and court systems. He then say that after you have prove of that wrong is been done upon you try to show your fact to the opposite side and try to negotiate and come up with a solution that favors both sides. King tried to negotiate with the political government but they refused to talk to him. Then he tried to take his negotiations to the economic community where he tried to come to some kind of compromise. But when that didnt work out either he didnt see anything that he or his people could do beside take direct action against the government. Just as Gandhi said to his people King also told his people that the direct action they take would have to be done in a non-violent matter with never using any physical force against the opposition. He also told his followers as Gandhi told his that you would have to know the consequences and would be able to pay the penalties without and striking back with physical. When all of his followers understood what they where getting them self in to King used his final step in his civil disobedience tactics. He took up direct action as the final step when nothing else worked. He start to have sit-ins and marches he used does tactics because he believed that only in that matter will the government be force to give in and try to negotiate and give the colored people some respect and power. Just like Gandhi forced the Great Britain government to negotiated some type of compromise by not giving in and lets all of the Satyagrahis be send to jail with out fighting back. So did King with his followed with the marches and the sit-ins. King just as Gandhi believed that only way to get any change is if you do protest out in the open where everyone can see you and that you are willing to accept the penalty by been send to jail. Just as Great Britain government saw that they been unfair to the Indian people make the America government see the injustice they are showing towards colored people and make them negotiate with you to come to some kind of a compromise. King believe that only way to have jus tice is by having tension and the best way he saw to make justified tension is by civil disobedience. Both King and Gandhi saw civil disobedience had been just because they felt that segregation and prosecution was unjust. They saw civil disobedience as making the opposition see that they are wrong and what they doing is morally wrong. King and Gandhi saw the laws that where passed against their people as unjust laws because they only affected small part of people and not affect the people who pass the laws. King showed an example how laws are not always just by saying that everything that Hitler did in Germany was legal and everything that Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was illegal. He was trying to show how even the government made the law legal it was still unjust as a moral law and civil disobedience would have been justified as the right thing to do. Gandhi just like King felt that not everything that was legal was just and that why as King he believed that civil disobedience is the way to make just with a unjust legal law. During this day I believe that I would take up Martin Luther Kings view on civil disobedience as my own because I see just how he said that not all laws that are legal are just. I believe that not all that is made law is just for all people but only make it just for the majority. King view on civil disobedience is more suitable for this day and age that why people would try to fallow his example if they would have to take up civil disobedience. You can also order a custom term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation or essay on civil disobedience from our custom essay writing service which provides students with prime-quality custom written papers.

Project deliverable 1&2 & PowerPoint Assignment

Project deliverable 1 & PowerPoint - Assignment Example 7 1.3. 7 Definition of terms 7 Web analytics 8 References 9 1.0 Business Requirements 1.1 Project overview In the current constantly advancing technological world, web analytics are a set of very vital tools for promoting businesses. This project entails design and implementation of an upgrade of the current Information System. This is to aid the company in becoming very competitive and enable smooth expansion of its Information Technology Infrastructure. This project is aimed at providing the company with an advanced Information Technology Infrastructure that will leverage the data collected in Web analytics to promote company’s essential marketing plans. It entails coming up with a real time web analytic software tool. The tool will be used for capturing web logs, examine them and generate reports. It further focuses on provision of reports for measurements of web traffic parameters such as page views, visits unique visitors and other customizable features. The project is de signed and built to re-engineer the current system used in the company. This project is considered to be very important in solving problems that exist in the current system which include lack of scalability to adapt to the changes and expansions that the company undergoes. 1.2 Background including current process Currently, the company’s has a well designed and operational information system. The system entails a Web Analytics module interacting with operating systems data to provide the company with necessary information such as its current market value. Essentially, the current system provides a significant amount of data. However, due to the speedy growth the company undergoes, and the inability of scaling up the current system it necessitates upgrading of the whole Information System. The main goal for its implementation is to support the expected growth that the company is anticipating. That is, to ensure that the Information Technology is expanded to meet current over g rowing web data that is very vital for optimal business Performance. The Information Technology role for this project is to promote business data capturing and processing at the company. It further aims to ensure that the company’s Information System guarantees business data confidentiality, integrity and availability. 1.3 Scope 1.3.1 Scope of project In order to ensure that the project provides the targeted or expected deliverables within the set out time frame, the project scope entails coverage of the following very essential areas. A well designed and integrated web analytic software application will be developed. Due to time constraints, only the following modules will be focused on. A dashboard module will be tasked on provision of a bird’s eye of all data captured, processed and those under processing. A visitor’s module will deliver variables of all those visitors of a web page. Thirdly, an action module will be used at adding a web page, deleting it or doing modification as specified in the module itself. A management module is a key functional feature that will be used at controlling user login, new system user registration and other essential features. A distributed relational database system will further be integrated to the software application to aid in smooth expansion of the company’s Inf

Geological Society of America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Geological Society of America - Assignment Example The presence of these plates can be confirmed by the appearance of oceanic trenches when these plates sink beneath one another. These trenches can run for hundreds of miles. Another evidence of their existence and activity is the formation of ridges where these plates pull apart. Transform faults also form where the tectonic plates slide to opposite sides of each other (Eckel, 1982). The movement of plates was used to settle the debate on how the island arcs, both continental and oceanic, form. Island arcs form where oceanic and continental, oceanic or transitional plates sink beneath each other. The past decades saw the geoscience community reject research and theories on the formation of island arcs based on the tectonic plates. To add to this conflict, there was conflicting continent formation theories based on tectonic plates. One considered seafloor-spreading while the other was in favor of pieces of continents afloat dense oceanic

McDonalds business ethics

McDonalds business ethics Introduction This report will aid McDonalds in identifying its core CSR strategies that will propel its business goals into the future. The report also identifies the business ethics that McDonalds has practiced over time and the impact of these business ethics to its strategic partners and customers. This report is thus an indicator of how well McDonalds is delivering its CSR and business ethics. McDonalds being the worlds largest hamburger chain fast food restaurant owes the environment a lot in terms of its Corporate Social Responsibility. The environment in this case implies its customers, business partners as well as the public at large. The firm has played a large role in the past towards conserving the environment. In addition, McDonalds continues to develop a sustainable supply chain for the benefit of its suppliers and distributors thus ensuring that there is continuous flow of business. McDonalds CSR revolves around sustainability. This is because the firm identifies that through sustainability, it will be able to get constant products that it uses to make the hamburgers as well as other fast food products. Sustainability also helps McDonalds in the sense that it will be able to sustain its distribution networks, thus benefiting a whole chain of distributors and suppliers. Aim and Purpose This report on the CSR and business ethics for McDonalds will aid the management and executives in the board of McDonalds to better deliver their CSR to their strategic business partners and the public in general. The report also illuminates areas that perhaps McDonalds should consider incorporating into its CSR plan for the next operating year. This report shall assume certain factors. Firstly, that McDonalds CSR is uniform throughout all the countries that it operates fast food restaurants in. secondly, the report shall also assume that the CSR and business ethics that McDonalds has implemented and will implement have gained general acceptance amongst its business partners, customers and the public in general. The limitations to this study include the fact that some of the CSR strategies that McDonalds has implemented are hard to measure. Most of the business ethics can only be explained but cannot be measured in definite terms. In fact, McDonalds cannot establish the extent of success that it has achieved in the past in regard to the CSR strategies. Situation Analysis In each and every country, McDonalds has thrives to develop a menu that fits the tastes and culture of the people in those countries. This has made McDonalds unique in its delivery of fine and quality fast food products. Its CSR strategies have helped it to identify the needs of the people within these destinations and develop fast food solutions that best fits their needs. McDonalds is thus mindful of its customers diverse needs. In addition, McDonalds strives to promote healthy diets that benefit its customer. Research reveals that fast food products are not good for the health, especially for the heart as well as the liver. However, McDonalds disputes this by developing and making fast food products that are free from cholesterol, fat that causes cardiac diseases. The firm has also won several awards in environment conservation and employment sensitivity. McDonalds has no gender inequality whilst employing its staff from the regions where it has expanded. The company hopes to have trained and retrained all its employees in their respective fields by the end of 2012 (May, Cheney and Roper, p.32). According to an employee at the fast food restaurant in Europe, McDonalds is perhaps the best employer and always listens to the needs and demands of the staff; the employment environment is one to die for. Factors and Discussion This section will identify the various CSR strategies that McDonalds has implemented in the past, present and the future of these strategies. The factors are identifies in the ensuing paragraphs. Values McDonalds core values are all aimed at promoting the Corporate Social Responsibility of the firm. This is achieved through giving value to the customers, the supply chain as well as the other business partners with whom McDonalds does business. McDonalds indeed acknowledges the fact that its customers are the reason behind its success and existence. Therefore, the customers are very much valued within the company. The company thus strives to create a warm and welcoming environment for its customers. Secondly, McDonalds values its employees and states that it is committed towards the career growth and development of its employees through a comprehensive training plan. This is perhaps the greatest CSR that McDonalds has. McDonalds believes in empowering and valuing the employees for increased commitment from them and their continued success. McDonalds also maintains high business ethics and thus conducts its business with high ethical standards (Fisher and Lovell, p.33). The company conducts its business with high integrity, honesty and fairness for all its customers and suppliers. McDonalds also values the community in which it operates and strives to give back to the society through sponsoring various community initiatives such as education. McDonalds believes in making the world a better place (Johnson and Turner, p.112). McDonalds being a public company values doing profitable business with all its stakeholders. The company therefore lays much emphasis on profitable business while enforcing its business ethics across all its subsidiaries. This is achieved through maintaining high ethical standards. McDonalds always strives to excel in whatever field it undertakes to operate in. constant improvement is achieved within the company through continued training and innovation. Thus, McDonalds has grown to become the worlds largest fast food chain of restaurants through its commitment towards achieving its CSR as well as maintaining good business ethics. According to Richardson (p.16), McDonalds has achieved much success through its good will initiatives worldwide, hence many customers identify with the positive side of the company. Sustainable supply chain McDonalds suppliers are required to adhere to the strict Code of Conduct which enhances the supply chain ensuring that the fast food giant gets the best quality products as raw material for preparing the fast food restaurants. The firm values its supply chain in such a manner that there is no way a poor quality product can access the firms production unit. In addition, there are checks and balances to ensure that only the best raw materials are used to prepare fast food products. These checks and balances often involve empowering the suppliers to supply quality products through training programs. In 2007, McDonalds established a strong supply chain department which ensures that the quality standards for its suppliers are continuously met by the suppliers (Hanekamp, p.14). The complexity of the supply chain requires that McDonalds maintains an effective communication amongst its suppliers in order to solve and avert problems at an early stage. McDonalds always purchases its products from suppliers who only comply with the established code of conduct thus ensuring continued quality standards adherence (Gitman and McDaniel, p.34). Furthermore, McDonalds always strives to promote a supply chain that is positively supporting the environment. Thus, the supply chain of the fast food giant usually has no adverse effect on the environment. McDonalds therefore supports an environment-friendly supply chain. The supply chain also aims at promoting a positive economic impact on the suppliers and the immediate beneficiaries. According to Crowther and Rayman-Bacchus (p.42), an effective supply chain is one where suppliers receive timely information that will enable them be able to succeed in supplying the best products for the fast food giant. Andersen (p.24) suggests that McDonalds requires improving efficiency of its supply chain and reducing the bottleneck so that the Small and Medium Enterprises within countries where McDonalds operates may be able to benefit from the existence of McDonalds. Nutrition and wellbeing McDonalds is always committed to the wellbeing of its customers through producing fast food products that have no adverse health effects on the customers. The company follows the strict advice of its nutrition experts. There have been concerns about obesity that McDonalds has taken seriously and strived to avoid producing fast food products that may lead to obesity among its customers. Moreover, McDonalds also promoted doing exercises as part of the health promotion program that it started in 1998 (Ferrel, Ferrell and Fraedrich, p.18). Exercising is an imperative activity that McDonalds acknowledges could reduce the health effects of fast foods. Nutrition experts also advice that eating fast food products is not harmful to ones health for as long as they do enough exercises. McDonalds encourages customer to make quality choices regarding its fast food products that will benefit their health. The firm discourages eating for the sake of it and insists on supporting healthy living (Rendtorff, p.142). McDonalds continues to develop high quality and a well balanced diet that serves the needs of its customers comprehensively. The firm has also developed a wide range of choices to enable its customers to choose from, thus increase customer satisfaction. The firm through its nutritionist has developed consumer-friendly nutrition information that enable the customers to gain useful knowledge regarding the fast food products that the firm sells across all its restaurants. This helps the consumers to make an independent choice regarding which fast food product to purchase. Today, a lot of the consumer choices are driven by the nutrition that McDonalds provides its consumers with. McDonalds has strived to improve the communication that it has with its customers, especially children thus encouraging them to make wise nutrition choices. According to Hartman and DesJardins (p.76), McDonalds established the Global Advisory Council (GAC) which works in collaboration with the international teams to source for expert advice regarding nutrition and wellbeing. Environmental responsibility According to Kotler and Lee (p.19), McDonalds has won the Energy Star Partner of the Year award which is usually awarded by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). McDonalds has been recognized for its massive efforts in reducing greenhouse emissions. The firm is sensitive to the environment and concerned more about the global warming. This has promoted the firm to save on energy and thus avert carbon emissions. McDonalds takes its social responsibility concerning the environment seriously. The firm established its very own Global Environment Commitment (Houk and Williams, p.134). The company has continued to focus on improving its commitment towards the environment. As far as McDonalds CSR regarding the environment is concerned, the fast food giant has in the past and present focused on three main areas namely; energy efficiency, sustainable packaging and waste management as well as green restaurant design. McDonalds has sort to use more energy efficient strategies such as the use of natural gas in the fast food restaurants. McDonalds continues to seek ways of increasing energy efficiency. Furthermore, the fast food giant also seeks to reduce the impact of its operations on the environmental impact. In addition, McDonalds continues to explore ways in which it can package the consumers product in packages that are easy to recycle and reuse. Malachowski (p.27) reveals that the company banned the use of plastics in packaging the fast food products. The firm continues to use paper-based packages though it is in a bid to look for an environmental friendly package. The firm has been criticized for using paper-based packages in the wake of the global warming panic. Paper comes from trees and thus by using the paper-based packages, McDonalds may have been going against the environmental preservation requirements. Trevino and Nelson (p.47) reveal that McDonalds has an environmental department which attends the green house conferences in Geneva annually. These officials are in charge of ensuring that McDonalds continues to comply with the environmental laws of various countries where it is established. Most of the restaurants belonging to McDonalds have adopted the green restaurant design which helps in saving energy. This has given McDonalds the opportunity to participate in the reduction of carbon emission through investing in energy efficient buildings. Most of the restaurants belonging to McDonalds have an open space which allows plenty of light to enter into the building thus saving the use of electricity during the day. McDonalds CSR supports the conservation of the environment through reduction of carbon emission as well as the green restaurant designs. Employment experience McDonalds has a policy within all its subsidiaries and fast food restaurants worldwide of giving its employees a priority over all other things. The firm indeed identifies that employees are core in the companys success. McDonalds has in the past devised training programs aimed at employee development. Moreover, the firm empowers its employees to take up new challenges in the fast food market. Furthermore, McDonalds supports human rights which forms part of it global business conduct. Respect to life and the preservation of human dignity has enabled the company to excel in its core relationship with its employees as well as customers and business partners. This has enabled McDonalds to grow through its appreciation of human life and dignity, an area where many other companies have failed. Employees rights are a priority at McDonalds. McDonalds has developed a strategy that allows the employees relative freedom in working with the firm. There are three aspects of the employee priority virtues that McDonalds has identifies namely respect, commitment growth and talent enhancement (Hoffman, p.114). McDonalds has created a culture where every employee is respected and valued globally. In addition, McDonalds is committed towards realizing quality employees through comprehensive training programs and staff development strategies. McDonalds identifies young talented graduates and employees then as graduate trainees thus ensuring that it acquires the right caliber of future employees. These young graduates are drawn from various hospitality colleges and universities across the globe. According to Mullerat and Brennan (p.22), McDonalds always strives to deliver quality employee training to its employees. Moreover, its employment policy is not biased against one kind of gender. There is an open approach towards those employed at McDonalds. Every employee is thus a priority at McDonalds since the firm realized that its workforce holds the key to its valued success. This CSR involving valuing and respecting employees has enabled McDonalds to improve its service provision to its clientele. Community responsibility For ages, McDonalds has been supporting the Olympic Games through feeding program aimed at feeding the athletics. McDonalds is also involved in various charities and also supports education in the developing countries where it has its franchises and fast food restaurants. As part of its bid to return back to the society, McDonalds has sponsored several children programs involving eradication of illiteracy and poverty. McDonalds also sponsors a number of events worldwide including the Olympic Games and walks. Over the past calamities, McDonalds has been involved in disaster response where it has supported the victims of such disasters. Just recently during the Haiti disaster, McDonalds moved in to donate a handsome amount towards the rebuilding of the destroyed country. According to Morris, Willey and Sachdev (p.54), McDonalds has also supported various community based programs such as sponsoring the education of poor children in India and Asia. Conclusion McDonalds has been able to achieve high success through its identification of the elements that make it succeed most. These elements include its employees, customers and the suppliers. McDonalds values its employees and has various training programs to support their bid towards an excellent service provision. The company draws its success mostly from its employees. McDonalds also hires quality and highly valuable employees thus ensuring continued success for the company. McDonalds also draws its success from its highly valued customers. The company provides the customers with nutrition information thus ensuring that the customer makes informed decision. Moreover, the firm develops well balanced diets that meet the dynamic requirements of each fast food market. Indeed, customers have enabled the firm to develop strongly with most customers referring others to the fast food giant. The customers also benefit from the advice of the international nutritionists as well as the nutrition experts that are dissipated to McDonalds on a regular basis (Daft and Marcic, p.11). McDonalds support for the environment has ensured that its CSR continues to grow. The firm has many ways of giving back to the community. McDonalds supports various sponsorship programs, the most profound being that which supports the education of children (Carter and Clegg, p.48). McDonalds also feeds the athletes at the Olympic Games. Poverty eradication has also been a priority for the company as it seeks to improve the standards of living. McDonalds continues to support CSR and good business conducts and ethic across its operations, now and in the future to come through enhanced quality programs. Suppliers also form part of the core business that McDonalds supports. The suppliers are organized in supply chains to ensure that they continue to abide by the quality standards. Recommendation McDonalds should make us of solar energy, which is a renewable form of energy. This will go a long way towards ensuring that there is less carbon emission. The EPA would thus be pleased with the efforts propagated by McDonalds. McDonalds should also run advertisements in the media to promote its balanced healthy diet. The advertisements should also contain nutrition advice on various ways of eating healthy fast food diets. The firm should also diversify its diets to ensure that it meets the requirements of different ages. Works Cited Andersen Bjorn. Bringing business ethics to life: achieving corporate social responsibility. California: American Society for Quality, 2004. Carter Chris and Stewart Clegg. Business ethics as practice: representation, reflexivity and performance. Amsterdam: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007. Crowther David, and Lez Rayman-Bacchus. Perspectives on corporate social responsibility. Sydney: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004. Daft Richard L and Dorothy Marcic. Understanding Management. 6th ed. Edinburgh: Cengage Learning, 2008. Ferrel O C, Linda Ferrell and John Fraedrich. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. 6th ed. Melbourne: Dreamtech Press, 2005. Fisher Colin and Alan Lovell. Business Ethics and Values: Individual, Corporate and International Perspectives. 3rd ed. New York: Prentice Hall, 2008. Gitman Lawrence J and Carl McDaniel. The Future of Business: The Essentials. 4th ed. New York: Cengage Learning, 2008. Hanekamp Gerd. Business ethics of innovation. Paris: Springer, 2007. Hartman Laura P and Joseph R. DesJardins. Business Ethics: Decision-Making for Personal Integrity and Social Responsibility. California: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2007. Hoffman W. Michael. Power and responsibility in the American business system: proceedings of the second National Conference on Business Ethics. California: University Press of America, 2008. Houk John W and Oliver F. Williams. Is the good corporation dead?: social responsibility in a global economy. London: Rowman Littlefield, 1996. Johnson Debra and Colin Turner. International business: themes and issues in the modern global economy. Washington: Routledge, 2003. Kotler Philip and Nancy Lee. Corporate social responsibility: doing the most good for your company and your cause. Washington: John Wiley and Sons, 2005. Malachowski Alan R. Business Ethics: International and environmental business ethics. Berlin: Taylor Francis, 2001. May Steve Kent, George Cheney and Juliet Roper. The debate over corporate social responsibility. Cambridge: Oxford University Press US, 2007. Morris Huw, Brian Willey, and Sanjiv Sachdev. Managing in a business context: an HR approach. New York: Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2002. Mullerat Ramon and Daniel Brennan. Corporate social responsibility: the corporate governance of the 21st century. London: Kluwer Law International, 2005. Rendtorff. Responsibility, Ethics and Legitimacy of Corporations. Cape Town: Copenhagen Business School Press DK, 2009 Richardson John E. Annual Editions: Business Ethics 06/07. 18th ed. Edinburgh: McGraw-Hill Contemporary Learning Series, 2006. Trevino Linda Klebe and Katherine A. Nelson. Managing business ethics: straight talk about how to do it right. 4th ed. New York: Wiley, 2006.

Long Term Illness Essay

In this assignment a focus on an individual with the long term illness/ condition of a stroke will be undertaken, examining the impact of the condition/illness from the perspective of the individual and their family and also the impact of person centred care upon nursing practice. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008) Code of Professional Conduct Guidance has been maintained throughout this essay and therefore, all names have been altered for the purpose of confidentiality and anonymity. Currently there are around 1.2 million stroke survivors in the UK, which is every year an estimated 152,000 people. More than half have been left with disabilities that affect their daily life. Stroke can affect anyone, no matter what their age. Around a third of all strokes happen to people under the age of 65, and around 400 children (0-18) have a stroke each year. Furthermore stroke is the largest cause of complex disability in adults. (Stroke Association 2012). A stroke is caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually because a blood vessel bursts or is blocked by a clot. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to the brain tissue (WHO 2012). Mary is a 75 year old white British lady who suffered from a Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) approximately five years ago. She is a divorced lady who lives alone in a two storey house, however she has three children and numerous grandchildren who live within walking distance and whom visit on a daily basis. Mary was admitted to hospital as she had sustained a fall, fortunately nothing was broken, but she had suffered with severe bruising to her face and left side of her body resulting in loss of confidence. Mary currently takes medication for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia which her G.P monitors quite closely. On assessment it was identified that Mary has been finding it hard to accept her diagnosis, she was hoping that she would return to the same quality of life that she had before the stroke as she had never been poorly or took medication prior to this happening. CHSS (2012) state that denial initially protects you from being overwhelmed by the changes in your life. Some people may become ‘stuck’ in denial. The author has chosen this condition/illness as her grandmother suffered from a stroke 10 years ago and fights everyday with her disability, because of this experience the author decided to join the nursing profession and possibly work on a stroke unit or neurology department. This assignment will help to support, educate and contribute to patients ability to care for themselves after being diagnosed with any long term illness and will be part of life long learning, the Royal College of Nursing explain that nurses are committed to lifelong learning and continuous professional development (RCN 2012). Clinical reasons for choosing this condition/illness are that on this placement the author was allocated with the stoma nurses which gave her the opportunity to work on the wards of her choice on the final two weeks of the placement, she chose the stroke unit which also allowed her to complete many achievements and outcomes for example proficiency 2.4 was met which involved working with patients and families in order to use their strengths to achieve their goals and aspirations. As a nurse it is vital that patient centred care is met in today’s NHS and the care management of patients with a long term condition meaning putting the patient and their experience foremost, through communication, discussion of treatment options, potential outcomes and possible psychological effects also empowering the patient and allowing them to make choices about their healthcare (Nursing Standard 2011). As Mary was admitted with a fall investigatory questions needed to be asked to find out whether trips and falls are a common occurrence within Mary’s life and whether any member of the multi disciplinary team has implemented any changes to prevent these from happening. Through engaging in a therapeutic relationship allowing us to gain mutual respect and collaboration to develop with Mary she informed us that she has had many trips in her own home and only this one major fall outside, along with her worries and concerns which were listened to attentively. Nicol, J (2011) explain that as a nurse managing risk and promoting health and wellbeing whilst aiming to empower choices to promote self-care must be a priority therefore certain referrals need to be put in place. Firstly a referral to the physiotherapist was made within the hospital in order to improve posture and balance and make sure it is safe for Mary to return home to her own surroundings, as this was not managed post stroke admission and it is within the nurses role to make sure the patient and family are comfortable with there discharge. It is known for stroke suffers to have problems such as weakness, clumsiness or paralysis usually to one side of the body or loss of balance (Stroke Association 2008) which is why Mary has not received any further treatment from a physiotherapist after her stroke five years ago as treatment is stopped when it is no longer producing any marked improvement to your condition (NHS Choices 2012). Although from this admission it is recommend from the physiotherapist that a cane will be useful to Mary in order for her to gain more strength and move about more freely when walking outside within her limitation. A lot of time and advice was given to Mary and her family through discussion, education and effective communication, in order to help her in the decision making process and allowing Mary to realise that regaining independence requires patience (National Stroke Association 2011). Furthermore from a staff nurse’s experience in the past a referral to the Falls clinic was also put in place which was deemed successful from previous stroke survivors who have been left with similar disabilities to Mary and found this useful in the rehabilitation pathway. The Falls Clinic, (2011) aims to reduce your risk of falling and falls-related injuries and review your progress every two months for the first year. From this it enables Mary to be followed up in others ways apart from the GP ensuring that nothing significant is being missed in her care. Good engagement and collaboration allows the patient to gain full confidence and allows the nurse to develop a therapeutic nurse patient relationship providing care in a manner that enables the patient to be an equal partner in achieving wellness, which Mary had never felt before. However the family stepped forward at this point and informed the nursing team that they felt that Mary is starting to struggle around her usual housing environment and made it clear that they had no knowledge of any movement aids or assistive device until this hospital visit and talking to other families with the same problems. A referral to the Occupational Therapist was then put in place to assess and treat the physical condition using specific, purposeful activity to prevent disability and promote independent function in all aspects of daily life (NHS Careers 2012). From this referral it was decided that assistive grab bars, shower seats, supportive hand rails were put in place for easier movement around her home and further safety. This helped put her family at ease as she lives alone and copes by herself. Many stroke survivors continue to improve over a longer time in many different ways. Their recovery is in fact a long period of rehabilitation, as they learn to deal with the effects the stroke has had on them, however the psychological impact of living with a long term condition are very popular such as 30% of patients will suffer from depression at some point post-stroke (British Psychological Society 2010) and a significant proportion these remain undiagnosed or inadequately treated ( Hackett ,Yapa, Parag & Anderson 2005). Therefore as a nurse it is vital all the common problems after a stroke are investigated in depth. Upon Mary’s admission these psychological issues were assessed, Mary revealed that she had a feeling of hopelessness as she was unable to look after her younger grandchildren, worrying all the time and unable to sleep furthermore she felt like a burden to her family as they now had to do her housework and her weekly shop. Feelings of loss of energy were also described and a feeling of being isolated from her friends .As this attitude from a nurses perspective is not seen as a positive one the signs and symptoms of depression after stroke were researched. Stroke Association (2012) suggest that it is vital to seek help if four or more symptoms are present which include feeling worthless, avoiding people, feeling anxious or feeling blue and patients with long term conditions being more likely to develop depression, A Two Question Screening Tool was used which also determined that depression was a strong possibility NICE (2009) recommend a two question screen tool to determine who may have depression. These questions link to the key symptoms required for a diagnosis to be made and with both questions answered yes it meant things can be put in place to manage this. However this diagnosis for Mary and her family was hard to accept as she had felt like this for numerous years and nothing had been done about it. The nursing referral to GP for further screening in the community was put in place which has to include the diagnosed stage of depression which for this patient is mild disorder and the treatment and management needed. Then it is the GP’s responsibility to set up an active review which includes self help, cognitive behavioural therapy and exercise (CSIP 2006) NIMH (2011) suggest cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT ), a type of psychotherapy, or talk therapy, that helps people change negative thinking styles and behaviours that may contribute to their depression, from this as a nurse a recommendation of a day hospice was suggested to Mary, as similar patients from the nurses experience had thoroughly enjoyed there time visiting a hospice weekly. This form of empowerment allows Mary to take greater control over decisions and actions affecting her health facilitating choice, self care and self management. Using Gibbs model of reflection (1988) it was clear to me from a student nurse perspective that Marys psychological needs were not adequately addressed, as it took six years to pick up on this adjustment in her life the healthcare in this case was not acceptable. It was upsetting to observe the patient and her family feel frustrated that nothing was done as continuing health care in stroke is a primary need and stroke survivors are eligible for NHS funding for all the individuals assessed needs ( Department of Health 2009) In order to improve nursing the stroke patient the nursing role should involve preventative care which includes providing adequate information on stroke, risk factors and any lifestyle modifications, followed by curative care which involves accurate assessment’s, planned care that is person centred, physiological monitoring and risk assessment. Finally Rehabilitative/ promotive care which entails the carry on role (therapies), safe discharge planning and excellent communication with family/carers in which most of these steps should involve depression awareness and the importance of it as those people who have a Stroke and become depressed, failure to treat results is a less than optimal rehabilitation outcome (Stroke Recovery Association 2010). In addition to this nursing staff should aim to facilitate psychological adjustment and to support understanding of the emotions associated with recovery as the interaction of psychologists and nurses provides an opportunity to normalise patients’ reactions to post-stroke difficulties also they can exchange evidence-based and patient knowledge with each other (Vohora & Ogi 2008). In Mary’s case I found that this aspect of her care was dealt with very well as Mary found it a challenge to accept this change in her life the and nurses spent endless amounts of time and dedication to help Mary come to terms with her disabilities. It may be argued that staff nursing levels were a relating factor to Mary’s poor post stroke care, from working on a stroke unit previously the workload is very heavy and consists of many clinicians with appropriate levels of expertise in medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech- language pathology, social work and clinician nutrition. Additional disciplines may include pharmacy, (neuro) psychology and recreation therapy, however it is within the nurses role to ensure all of these clinicians see there patient. In which some cases this maybe missed therefore implementing higher staffing levels may avoid this and signs of Marys depression could have been picked up amongst all of the reviews. In 2005 Lankshear published a systematic review of international research since 1990 that looked at relationships between nurse staffing and patient outcomes. Across the 22 studies covered the report stated that, †[The results] strongly suggest that higher nurse staffing and richer skill mix (especially of registered nurses) are associated with improved patient outcomes, although the effect size cannot be estimated reliably (Royal College of Nursing 2010). This would also be applied when the patient returned to there own home as people who have had a stroke and their carers value continuity, being kept informed, being included and having a clear, consistent point of contact with all the clinicians and services available.(Department of Health 2007). Another implementation that could be put in place not only for Mary’s psychological needs but also her physical needs is that Stroke specialist professionals could be involved in application and review of eligibility for Continuing Health Care in the community so that complex or hidden post stroke deficits which may be missed by generic staff can be considered. This could be included in the six week, six month and annual stroke reviews, and form part of the joint health and social care plan. (Department of Health, 2009). With this put in place Mary’s fall may have been prevented and her home could have become safer for her earlier putting her family at ease and allowing Mary to become more independent and less reliant on help. If the situation arose again and these changes were implemented then Holistic care, which is essential in nursing skills would be successful taking into consideration the psychological, environmental and spiritual needs of the patient, as well as the physical so that people are treated as whole human beings and the impact of the illness on their quality of life is met.(Nursing Standard, 2011). To conclude the role of the nurse in the management of care delivery for the patient and their family is to share their skills and knowledge with patients and their carers, acting as a key resource and providing a route to other services and professionals ( DOH 2005). As a person centred approach was used on this admission for Mary and her family it was clear that she was discharged more aware of services available to her in the community and the care given was beneficial in her life long rehabilitation process, leaving the Multidisciplinary Team confident they have done all they can for the patients individual needs.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realism in politics is a political philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relations. It is based upon assumption that power should be the primary goal of any political act, both in international or domestic sphere. As far as domestic affairs are concerned, this theory states that political figures are supposed to direct all efforts to maximizing their power. Accordingly, in the international sphere nation should aim at maximizing its power among other states. This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau. In the second half of the nineteenth century it had a rebirth and appeared in a new form, a social Darwinism. According to this theory, social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive. According to the theory of political realism, interests should be satisfied by means of power exercise, and the world is defined by competing powers. In this context, the adherents of Marxist theory refer to classes, while other political theorists to states. (Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the following way: â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of ruling dynasties, whilst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi). Important difference between social darwinism and other branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could rule with an all-purpose policy code. Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, thus allowing member nations be involved into trading schemes or treaties, the theorists mostly agree that morality or law are not the dominating factors outside one particular state. In this particular characteristic this hypothesis agrees with the Hobb’s theory: â€Å"Where there is no common Power, there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice ? if there be no Power erected, or not great enough for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men. † (Hobbes, Leviathan , Part I, Ch. 13 ‘Of Man’, and Part II, Ch. 17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only. There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not necessarily mean that morality should be included from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation and should not ignore their interests and demands. Simultaneously, â€Å"if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which means that it can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving motive the giving nation presumably has–it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn’t, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile. † (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz says that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only. The logical value of the three theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not. (Waltz) The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is not able to rule the state: ‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in†. (Kegley, Wittkopf) At the same time, such comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike. Such argument includes the personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations. This theory can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to reach desired goals. As far as the national interest is concerned, there are distinct opinions of what it should be, but all of them agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations. (The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) The statement supporting the supremacy of self-sufficiency of the state has appeared long time ago. Plato and Aristotle referred to this aspect as a ground necessary to provide security of the national power, they insisted that nation should import only insignificant commodities. This economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the political power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced import and increased export only. Difference between neorealism and classical realism Conflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement: â€Å"What the one wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too. Struggle and competition ensue†¦. Man cannot [therefore] hope to be good, but must be content with not being too evil†. (Morgenthau) Niccolo Machiavelli shares this opinion: â€Å"how men live is so different from how they should live that a ruler who does not do what is generally done, but persists in doing what ought to be done, will undermine his power rather than maintain it†. (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations). These ideas performed specific approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous. But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order. † (Legro, Moravcsik) In other words, classical type of realism regards conflict and competition as essential element of international affairs, referring the origin of conflict to the human nature. Humans struggle with each other for resources they need and strive for power to rule over other people. This is a set pattern, which cannot be changed. Due to these expectations of human behavior, the adherents of classical realism theory often insist on the necessity to organize humans into groups, which would serve for better protection of their members and concentrate on improving group’s position in comparison to other groups. Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to human nature. The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a right to use any tools to protect themselves. Besides, he assumed that â€Å"all mankind †¦ [has] a per ¬petual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death. † (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) Modern tradition in neorealist theory declines the assumption that individuals strive for power due to a natural inclination, and concentrates on the motives produced by a lack of a neutral power that can set rules for interstate relations. For instance, Kenneth Waltz says that â€Å"the main cause of war must lie in some regularity at the level of the interstate system, rather than within particular leaders or states, since war has been waged for all sorts of specific reasons and by â€Å"good† as well as â€Å"bad† leaders. † (Waltz) According to Waltz, this regularity is the pressure, produced by anarchy: â€Å"Without enforceable interstate rules, states must either resist possible domination by others through a policy of balancing against others’ power capabilities, or by bandwagoning-joining a coalition that supports an aggres ¬sive state, in hopes of turning its aggression elsewhere†. (Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively. The difference lies in the way this conclusion is reached. As Waltz sees it, this is the pressure of competitiveness, produced by anarchy, which significantly influences the human behavior. Those strategies that are oriented on power, appear because the leaders are forced to struggle for security, rather than because they desire just to obtain power. Realistic approach in modern international affairs Realism was a concept for analyzing world politics since remote times, because much of humankind history was characterized by wars. As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to their positions in power. â€Å"The classical realist worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†. (Lieven, Hulsman). At present, ethical realism is offered to the USA as a leading principle that should define the foreign policy of this state. As it is described by the supporters of this type of realism, it bases upon â€Å"prudence; a concentration on possible results rather than good intentions; a close study of the nature, views and interests of other states, and a willingness to accommodate them when these do not contradict America’s own truly vital interests; and a mixture of profound American patriotism with an equally profound awareness of the limits on both American power and on American goodness† (Lieven, Hulsman). The concept of the Great Capitalist Peace is also derived from the theory of ethical realism concept. It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace. At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests and needs of other states should be satisfied. Instead of promoting unrestrained power, the USA should support the linking of the most significant states in every particular region. For instance, in the Middle East region the USA should use its power and resources to support creation of a regional patter for the states, including Syria and Iran, and to make this pattern functional enough to regulate Iraq conflict after withdrawal of the US troops from this country. (Lieven, Hulsman) As far as the Far East is concerned, the USA should paid attention to the primary role, which should be played by China in this region, but not by the United States. China is treated as a state, ready to act in cooperation with other states and act responsibly, that’s why USA should allow China to occupy a leading position in finding resolutions to the actions of the regime in the North Korea, and other possible challenges in this region. (Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War. International Security. Summer. 2000 Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace. McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000. The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations. edited by Baylis, J. and S. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C. Wittkopf, E. World Politics. Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005. Viotti, P. R. Kauppi, M. V. International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism. Macmillan Pub Co, 1993. Legro, J. W. Moravcsik, A. Is Anybody Still a Realist? International Security. Fall 1999 Jervis, R. Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation.. International Security. Summer 1999 Ahrensdorf, P. J. Thucydides’ realistic critique of realism. Polity Winter 1997 Lieven, A. Hulsman, J. America’s World Role Has to be Realistic and Moral. October 17, 2006, retrieved at http://www. realisticforeignpolicy. org/archives/2006/10/americas_world. php.