Headaches: The Leading Cause for Missing School and Work

All of us suffer from an occasional headache; in fact, 20 million Americans see their doctors each year because of headaches. Headaches are also the leading cause for missing school and work in this country. There are many different types of headaches ranging from just ordinary pain, to pain associated with a disorder or serious medical condition. I†d like to discuss the worst type of headache. The type of headache I†d like to discuss, the Migraine, although intense in its pain, is not associated with a medical condition or injury. The Migraine is a recurring throbbing headache, affecting only one side of the head and often accompanied by many symptoms. Although many people use the word â€Å"Migraine† to describe any severe headache, this is not correct. Migraines are a specific headache caused by changes in the blood vessels that supply the brain. Usually, Migraines become less frequent with increasing age and are relatively uncommon after the age of 50. After interviewing my grandmother, who is a special case Migraine sufferer, she told me that her Migraines began when she was seven. Often in school she would have the classic migraine symptoms- she would see only half of her teacher and bright lights and flashes up to 20 minutes before her Migraine began. These symptoms are called auras and once they are gone the Migraine begins. The Migraine itself can lead to vomiting, slurred speech, makes the sufferer sensitive to light and worsens when there is a lot of noise. The mechanism is not completely understood, but many women have their most severe attacks during or just before their menstrual period. This is supposedly due to the hormonal imbalance during that time. So, what can we do to prevent Migraines? Because Migraine headaches can recur for years and medication may lead to side effects and rebound headaches prevention is the key aspect in the management of migraines. Pay close attention to your diet. See if avoiding certain foods can prevent a migraine. The three C†s- Cheese, chocolate and citrus are the most common foods which trigger migraines. I†d like to discuss sleep habits. While it†s important to get enough rest, avoid oversleeping as well. It†s best to go to bed and get up at about the same time each day, since this helps to regulate and stabilize the brain†s important biological clocks. To make up for loss of sleep after a late night, rest or nap later in the day if necessary. Has anyone ever read the ingredients of Excedrin? Well if you have you†d have noticed that Excedrin†s three active ingredients are: Acetaminophen (which is Tylenol), Asprin and surprisingly enough, Caffeine. I remember a day last year around the time that we had finals, when my sister, I†m not just blaming her, it was really her fault, bought these pills named Vivavrin. As soon as I took one of these pills my head began to throb and I, who have a long family history of migraines, received one. Now, if Caffeine triggers Migraines, why would a Migraine medicine contain Caffeine to relieve them? Caffeine is a stimulant and can speed up the heart, raise blood pressure and interfere with relaxation. Caffeine is not a good thing to take when you don†t have a headache. Strangely enough, once a headache has begun, Caffeine can be helpful. This is because Caffeine is an adjuvant- it enhances and quickens the effects of pain medicine. That is why it is added to many over-the-counter medications including Excedrin to treat headache pain. To conclude, a person must pay close attention to his organism. With the first symptoms of a severe headache, it is best to consult a doctor who will conduct tests and establish a valid reason for the pain.

Analysis †I have written my article about cloning Essay

I have written my article about cloning. The opinions I have used in it are a highly exaggerated depiction of extremist views. I have shown, how ridiculous and outrageous these views are by overstressing every point and going to immense extremities, such as the â€Å"master race† and the â€Å"worker race†, these are so severe that the worker race would even be kept underground. I used pictures in my writing to make it easier for people to visualize the images that I am talking about because then they will be able to understand my ideas better. I have inserted a picture of Britney Spears, as she is a well-known, famous star, that many people like, or would like to be. The reason that I have included this particular image is because many people long to live like these stars and by using the image I am implying that if we introduce cloning and the so- called â€Å"master race† then everyone will be able to live like this. Many people believe that she is a â€Å"perfect† human being and this is the idea that I am trying to convey with the â€Å"master race†, that after using the system for a couple of decades, what will be left will be a, supposedly, perfect human race, which for many people the picture used illustrates perfectly. If I had room for more pictures on the page I would have used a picture of another stereotypical â€Å"perfect† male star to appeal to both sexes, but I wanted the article to look professional so I tried to keep the number of pictures too minimum. The picture will also encourage people to read the article because if they have turned over the page and they then see the picture of Britney. If they are an admirer, then they will most probably turn back to the start of the article to read it the whole way through. The reason that the picture has been repeated three times is because it shows what could be achieved by cloning, not just one, allegedly, flawless human being but as many as wanted, a whole race of them even. The repetition shows the main process of cloning as well, making an identical copy of something/ someone. I also use pictures of Morlocks from the film of the book â€Å"The Time Machine† by H. G Wells. The book and the films are set far into the future, this is also a little indication of the fact that this is could really happen in the future. These creatures were humans but as time has passed they started to live underground as they were using all of the earth’s resources, that is the main reason that I am using this picture to show what the, as I have called them in my article, â€Å"worker race†, would be like as my extreme plan is to have them working day and night, underground to provide the â€Å"master race† with everything they need. The reason that I have used such a ghastly picture is because I want it shock the reader, it will also draw attention to the article. The workers won’t be good-looking, as they will never of had sunlight on their skin and never of had any of the beauty products and treatments we take for granted so the picture is an accurate representation of what they would actually look like. The contrast between the purportedly â€Å"picture perfect† Britney and the hideous, unsightly Morlock should make people start to think that they would much rather be with the â€Å"master race† rather than the â€Å"workers†. There is also the idea that this is what the human race has become as it has evolved and that cloning could save us from this atrocious fate and instead bring us to the attractive future that the â€Å"master race† offers. Two of the pictures are in black and white, these are the pictures of the â€Å"worker race†, these are in black and white to give a feel of darkness to the pictures and to imply that this is the sort of life they would have, never seeing any colour, whereas the picture of the master race is brightly coloured and shows an image that people feel drawn to look at unlike the pictures of the Morlocks and the ants. This means that the contrast is even more noticeable between the two sets of pictures. I have used the layout of having the pictures cutting into the writing, so that you can’t help looking at the pictures while you are reading, helping the readers to picture the ideas I am putting into their heads, I have also put captions underneath the pictures to show what the pictures are of and how they relate to the topic of the article. The pictures are large and stand out from the page causing them to catch the reader’s eye whilst they are flicking through the paper, meaning that they read the article. I have used a strong title, â€Å"Hitler Was Right†, to fascinate the reader even before they have started reading the article. Including a strong political figure compels people to read the article as it looks like it could be an article of great importance. They will straight away wonder what the article could be about, causing suspense that will keep them reading until the very end of the article when they will realize that I was simply, apparently, agreeing with one very simple part of Hitler’s range of ideas, that the world would be a better place if just one master race was to occupy it. This title has been written in Times New Roman and is in font size 36, I have done this so that the title stands out from all of the other things on the page. People won’t be able to help noticing the title and this will generate interest in the article. The main body of the writing is in a quite large text; this is because I want it to stand out and not to be too small. The effect of this is that the article will not look as much of a difficult task to read, encouraging more people to read it. The prologue to the article is written in bold writing slightly bigger than in the main body of the text, this is so that this will stand out just a little bit more and people will read it before they read the main article. The writing in this prologue is encouraging people to read the main article. By ending it with a question † the question is: why not? † It makes people read on, as they want to find out the answer to this question, Straight away, in this first prologue I have shown â€Å"my† opinion, that I agree with cloning and all of the brilliant ideas that come along with it, this means that people will be under no disillusion while they are reading the article.

Australian Business Sustainabilit Report

G4 GRI Guidelines offers guidance in a user friendly manner and helps in improving the technical quality of the guidelines, so as to eliminate the chances of ambiguity and diverse interpretations, so that it benefits the users and reports of such information, in a uniform manner. These guidelines help in focusing upon what matters and where it matters. These guidelines also enable the identification of the critical matters which have to be managed and changed, and if the entity is ready to manage such matters or not. Further, these guidelines are focused on the material sustainability related issues. Corporate Governance refers to the practices, standards, and rules, which a company has to follow, to ensure that the company works in a justified manner. Corporate Governance involves social responsibility and relates to balance of the interests of the various stakeholders, including the customers, financiers, shareholders, management, community, as well as, the government. Corporate governance includes the decisions made by the management of the company and often involves a lot of issues with it. The Board of the company has been committed in providing satisfactory returns to its stakeholders, as well as, fulfilling the obligations, along with the responsibilities associated with corporate governance, in the best interest of the company. The company is working towards ensuring that the composition of the Board has the appropriate mix of skills, as well as, is as per the corporate governance standards. The company has to face issues regarding the independent status of one of its directors and had to review the position as well as relationship of all of its directors (Wesfarmers, 2015). The company also complies with the Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations issued by the ASX Corporate Governance Council’s third edition (Wesfarmers, 2015). Wesfarmers is affected by various material sustainability issues. To help the social issues, the company supports the local communities, especially in cases of natural disasters. Further, to monitor the quality issues related to the products of the company, the company offers ‘Greener Work Place’, as well as measures the delivered in-full on time. Other issues relating to the matter of corporate governance and social responsibility relates to the inherent risk associated with the operations of Wesfarmers, for instance, the safety incidents, the supply chain issues, and the products-services liability risks. The company is constantly engaged with its stakeholders to understand the issues which affect them (Wesfarmers, 2015). These issues are addressed and the progress is reported in the sustainability report of the company. The sustainability issues are managed by the Board of the company at divisional level and are regularly reported. In the following parts, these issues affecting the various stakeholders of the company, in line of the G4 GRE Guidelines have been highlighted. The company has been following a range of G4 GRI Guidelines (Wesfarmers, 2015). The level of self-adherence of these guidelines has been summarized below: G4-DMA, G4-EN15, G4-EN16, and G4-EN17 Social: Labor Practices And Decent Work Equal Remuneration For Women And Men Supplier Assessment For Labor Practices Freedom Of Association And Collective Bargaining The level of adherence of these guidelines for the year 2014 and 2015 has been summarized below. A comparison has also been made, along with the comments on the noncompliance of the particular guidelines. The company is responsible for providing employment to one out of 55 Australians. The company earns 98% of its revenues from the country, as well as, 75% of the shares of the company on issue, are held in the country (Wesfarmers, 2014). The company had employed 207282 people till June 2014. The statistics reveal that for the year 2014, the company had made direct contributions amounting to 44.6 million dollars and the indirect contributions amounting to 50.8 million dollars (Wesfarmers, 2014). This makes the community contributions, by the Wesfarmers group as 95.4 million dollars (Wesfarmers, 2014). The company meets the very basic needs of the community by providing food, tools, as well as, clothing to the community. The company is responsible for providing employment to one out of 59 Australians (Wesfarmers, 2015). The company has been paying taxes regularly and also provides the necessary support to the nonprofit organizations. The company earns 98% of its revenues from the country, as well as, 80% of the shares of the company on issue, are held in the country (Wesfarmers, 2015). This creates a major positive impact on the economy of Australia, along with contributing to the other economies. The company paid $43,045 million to the suppliers, in addition to the wages and salaries, where the company paid more than $7,830 million to its 205000 employees. Further, the company paid $1,578 million in royalties, taxes, and levies, and $2,246 million in dividends to our 500,000 shareholders (Wesfarmers, 2015). The company has contributed $50 million to community organizations which equals to 1.5 per cent of profit before income tax. Further, the company has assisted in donations from employees and customers, which totals to $52.7 million (Wesfarmers, 2015). The statistics reveal that for the year 2015, the company had made direct contributions amounting to 50 million dollars and the indirect contributions amounting to 52.9 million dollars. This makes the community contributions, by the Wesfarmers group as 102.9 million dollars (Wesfarmers, 2015). A special attention is paid in the matters like gender diversity, as well as, the inclusion of the Indigenous people. The company has increased the share of providing employment to the people. Further, the company has also increased the share on issue within the country. The company is regularly paying special attention to the matters like gender diversity, as well as, the inclusion of the Indigenous people. So, in comparison to 2014, in the year 2015, the company has maintained and excelled at it’s the G4 GRI Guidelines. The company noticed a decrease in the emissions intensity, along with increasing the activities of recycling. The Scope 1 and 2 emissions intensity showed a decrease by eight per cent as compared to 2013. The green house emissions by Coles decreased this year, but the emissions at Target increased by 6.8 per cent. The company is also trying to reduce the usage of water, along with finding more sustainable sources of water (Wesfarmers, 2014). The company monitors and manages its greenhouse gas emissions, along with the possibility of reducing them. The company has realized the importance of reducing waste creates not only environmental benefits, but benefits for the business as well. And so, the company has taken steps to divert its waste to recycling throughout the entire life cycle of the product. The company is also trying to reduce the usage of water, along with finding more sustainable sources of water. The company has taken steps to protect the biodiversity. In order to manage this, the company has established an offset area at Mt Flora, so as to compensate the loss of 220 hectares to the ecological community. The Scope 1 and 2 emissions (CO2e) totaled to 4,011,584. The Scope 33 emissions (CO2e) contained the transport emissions at 13000, the air travel at 27337, the waste at 154701, the transmission and distribution of electricity at 474,622, and the LPG, natural gas and diesel at 103,110. The Equity proportion of joint venture businesses (CO2e) were reported at 275140. And the Emissions intensity (CO2e/$1 million revenue) was at 64.2 (Wesfarmers, 2015). There was a one percent decrease in the Scope 1 and 2 emissions (CO2e). The Scope 33 emissions (CO2e) are not comparable directly as the transport emissions were not included last year. If the transport emissions are excluded, there is a seven percent decrease in these emissions. There has been a four percent increase in t the Equity proportion of joint venture businesses (CO2e). And the Emissions intensity (CO2e/$1 million revenue) reported a one percent decrease. So, it can be seen that the emission intensity of the company has decreased overall. The Company is continuously trying to reduce the usage of water, along with finding more sustainable sources of water. The Total Recordable injury frequency rate was 42.7 this year. The Lost time injury frequency rate for this year was 7.7 percent. The workers’ compensation claims for 2014 were 6940 (Wesfarmers, 2014). As covered above, the company provides employment to one out of every 59 people in Australia. 59 percent of the wealth of the company is distributed in terms of wages, benefits and salaries to the employees. The safety of the workplace is the highest priority for the company. The Total Recordable injury frequency rate was 39.5 this year. The Lost time injury frequency rate for this year was 7.3 percent. The workers’ compensation claims for 2015 were 7462 (Wesfarmers, 2015). There has been a 7.5 percent improvement in the Total Recordable injury frequency rate.   The Lost time injury frequency rate was reduced by 5.2 percent. The workers’ compensation claims decreased by 7 percent. The company failed to provide the breakdown of its employee turnover as per age group; the breakdown of Total Recordable injury frequency rate and the Lost time injury frequency rate; and the aggregate ratio. The company focused towards improving the ethical sourcing of its products. This was done by strengthening the supply chain, as well as, increasing the transparency. The company sources its products from a wide range of location. Some of these nations follow lower levels of regulations and hence, the company is vigilant regarding the associated risks. The company also follows an ethical sourcing policy by setting minimum standards. The company failed to provide the percentage of the employees it trained. The company complies with all the laws, as well as, regulations of all the countries, in which it conducts its business and acts in an ethical way. The anti-bribery policy of the company prohibits the political donations at both business unit, as well as, divisional level. If any such contributions are made, they are thoroughly published on the website of the company. And for the year 2014, no such contributions were made. The company also considers the needs and the interests of its stakeholders. The Company incurred significant fine to the amount of $10 million in penalty by the ACCC for Supplier Unconscionable Conduct, along with a $2.5 million penalty for ACCC/bread litigation case (Wesfarmers, 2015). The compliance levels have been same in both the years. Though, the significant fines were incurred in certain cases in the year 2015, which was not the case in 2014. This implies that the level of compliance has been breached in 2015. The company has continued the innovation of the range of its products, as well as, its categories across all businesses. The company is also committed towards delivering safe and sustainable products, as well as, services to its customers. Even though there are minimal particular legal requirements for the restrictive use of chemicals in production, the company has decided to adopt a range of such aspects of the European Community Regulation. Coles had a significant fine to the amount of $38,250 for incorrect importation classification of cat litter (Wesfarmers, 2015). The company failed to provide the percentage of the categories of the products. In comparison to 2014, the company incurred significant fine in 2015, so, in this aspect also, the company has declined. The company submitted this report for the GRI Content Index Service. The accuracy of the GRI G4 Content Index was then, confirmed by the GRI. Since, the reported was directly confirmed by GRI, the need for assurance, does not arise. The sustainability report for both 2014 and 2015 did not cover clear and defined targets. Further, this report was not user friendly, as a person had to toggle between lots of windows to find the relevant information, pertaining to a particular guideline. And even after that, some of the information was not available easily and had to be searched from the Annual Report. Though, the company has covered all the relevant applicable guidelines which are applicable on it. The Guidelines followed by the company, in 2014 (Australia) and 2015 (Japan), have been compared below: G4-DMA, G4-EN15, G4-EN16, G4-EN17, G4-EN18, G4-EN19, G4-EN20, and G4-EN21 G4-DMA, G4-EN22, G4-EN23, G4-EN24, and G4-EN26 Supplier assessment for labor practices Equal remuneration for women and men Labor Practices Grievance Mechanisms Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining Supplier Assessment for Impacts on Society Grievance Mechanisms for Impacts on Society The G4 GRI Guidelines are company specific, industry specific, and country specific. The business of each company varies from the other, in some aspect or the other. These aspects result in a difference in the adherence to the guidelines. Further, the decisions of the senior management, as well as, the strategies of the companies, influence which guidelines would be adopted by it (Salter Baxter, 2012). The strategic priorities, along with the targets of the firm, also have an impact on the selection of these guidelines (GRI, 2016). The nature of the work of a company, also changes the adherence to these guidelines. For instance, a vehicle manufacturing company would have to follow different guidelines, as compared to a food manufacturing company. Organizations have a range of topics, which they could report. The relevant topics would be such that reflect the entity’s economic, environmental, as well as, the social impacts on the stakeholders. Materiality is the starting point, according to which the Aspects become adequately significant, in a way that the need of reporting them, arises. A blend of the external, as well as, internal factors determines whether the Aspect is material (GRI, 2016). This includes the factors like the mission, vision, competitive strategy, concerns of stakeholders, social expectations, and the influence of the entity on the suppliers, as well as the customers. The second factor that influences the applicability of these guidelines is the industry. The type of the industry also has an impact over the applicability of these guidelines (GRI, 2016). For example, the polluting industry would have different guidelines applicable on it as compared to a non polluting industry. The last factor, the one applicable in this case, is the country specific guidelines. Even though the G4 GRI Guidelines are uniform across the globe, but each country has a different set of applicable legislations (GRI, 2016). And so, depending upon such applicability, these guidelines apply on the company. The sustainability report of Fuji Xerox comparison for 2014, was made in Australia and the sustainability report of Fuji Xerox comparison for 2015, was made in Japan. So, to summarize, the legislations, along with the internal and external factors of the company, are responsible for the difference in the reports produced in Australia (2014) and Japan (2015). The company has grown in the Australian market, from AU$400 million in 1999 to about AU$1 billion in 2014 (Fuji Xerox, 2014). Despite the changes in the industry, the company has improved upon its profitability, as well as, has been successful in creating suitable growth, along with financial stability for the longer run. But the company achieved the consolidated revenues to the amount of AUS$1 billion which was a 3% decline in comparison to previous year (Fuji Xerox, 2014). The community investment amounted to $506412 with 3412 hours of volunteering in order to nurture the future generation. For the year 2014, 57.3 percent of the company’s procurement expenditure was on equipment, which equated to AU$580 million, towards the supplies, as well as, consumables. This was the most significant aspect of the company’s supply chain (Fuji Xerox, 2014). The consolidated revenue and the consolidated net income before income taxes for this year amounted to 1188.9 billion yen and 91.9 billion yen respectively (Fuji Xerox, 2015). There was a remarkable improvement from the last year in the revenues, as well as, ordinary profits. The goals were set for social contribution spending as this segment noticed a decline as compared to previous year. Though there was an increase in the number of participants compared to the previous year. For the year 2014, the air freight to the sea freight split was reported at 4.1% to 95.9%, which was a 1.5% improvement as compared to the previous year. Objectives were set for 2015 regarding the â€Å"procuring responsibly outlook†. All of the mills fulfill an annual based environmental questionnaire to meet the ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. Further, these are monitored for compliance as per the labor standards, specially pertaining to the child labor aspects. The paper sold to the customers of Australia, were a 100% FSC carbon neutral, PEFC certified, FSC certified or made out of recycled material (Fuji Xerox, 2014).   The company is focused towards recycling as well as reducing the CO 2 emissions throughout the life cycle of the products. Out of the 83% of the employees who commenced the annual performance review cycle for this year, only 49% of them could complete the formal review process. 45% of the female and 50% of the male workforce completed these reviews. Further, extensive sales training was undertaken during this year (Fuji Xerox, 2014).   The company has identified its risks and opportunities in this segment, as well as, has set standards to be achieved during the coming fiscal years. During this year, no judgments were made, regarding discrimination, against the company or any of its employees. The few complaints which were received from the employees, including the complaints regarding discrimination, were handled strictly, and appropriate process was taken up to take the necessary actions after determining the facts. The company has identified and outlined a high priority management theme which takes into account the social circumstances, the nature of the business, and the management goals. High priority is placed on the communication as well as monitoring in order to help the management in incorporating the stakeholder evaluations along with the feedback into the management process. Due to stringent ethics and compliance norms, the company is able to fulfill its commitments towards anti-corruption and anti-competitive behavior. The company understands the needs of its customers and delivers on its promises. Through these, the company is able to deliver value to its customers and benefiting the environment through the Green Print technologies, as well as, services, sustainable paper supplies together with the new NCOS carbon neutral certified products, as well as, optimized print environments. The company has recognized the importance of product safety and has made it an overriding priority. This year also, the company held a product safety forum to eliminate product safety accidents. From the above data, it can be deduced that the 2014 sustainability report prepared in Australia, follows lesser norms as compared to the 2015 sustainability report prepared in Japan. Due to the stringent policies in Japan, the same company has to follow a lot more guidelines. Further, the targets have been more clearly set in the 2015 report, which was clearly missing in the 2014 report. Corporate governance, sustainability and social responsibility are interlinked terms and none of it can be used exclusively. Each of these terms intertwines their paths, in one aspect or the other, as was seen in the case of Wesfarmers. The various issues faced by the company, Wesfarmers, included the concepts of not only corporate responsibility, but also interlinked with the G4 GRE Guidelines. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that Wesfarmers has taken a lot of steps, to ensure that it follows, both the principles of corporate governance, as well as the sustainability guidelines. The comparison of the G4 GRE Guidelines by Wesfarmers highlighted the variances in the adoption of the appropriate guidelines. But due to the number of non-compliances, as well as penalties, in the year 2015, by Wesfarmers, it is recommended to the company that it ensures that the guidelines are properly followed. Further, such instances also portray that the principles of corporate governance are not adequately followed, and hence, the company needs to follow these principles in a proper manner, and ensure that the incidents of penalties, are not repeated. From the above analysis of the two companies, it can be concluded that a lot of factors impact the G4 GRI guidelines reporting by a company. A same company, in two different companies can face disparities in the reporting guidelines. Further, the type of the company decides the applicability of the particular guideline on a company. And from the above analysis, it is recommended to the Wesfarmers Limited, to set out particular targets to be achieved regarding the adopted guidelines. Further, the company has to ensure that it follows the guidelines, instead of getting cases established against it, which are detrimental to these guidelines. Fuji Xerox had presented two different reports, due to the change in the nations. Being in different nations, different guidelines are to be followed by the company. To conclude, the reason for variance in the sustainability reporting of Fuji Xerox is the result of the applicability different standards. So, it is it is recommended to Fuji Xerox, to follow the same set of guidelines, throughout all its branches, whether in this country or in Japan. This can be done as the guidelines are uniform across the globe, and so, common guidelines can, in fact, be adopted. Furthermore, Fuji Xerox Australia Pty Limited should set out specific targets as is done by its Japanese counterpart. This assignment was formulated in a way, so as to test my skills regarding the location, as well as, interpretation of the information. Before starting this assignment, I was under the view that the G4 GRI Guidelines just cover the aspects in a broad and general manner. Further, I was under the impression, that a small report could cover every aspect of this guideline. However, my views were changed when I undertook this assignment. The first thing I learned was the number of disclosures undertaken by a company and the extent of disclosures. Even though the headings state economic, environment and social, but it is more than it. Each aspect had a number of standards to be followed. This assignment helped me in clarifying how the corporate governance issues affect the working of any company. Before starting of this assignment task, I had read many principles of corporate governance, but the practicality of such principles was highlighted only after reading about the issues associated with it, in the case of Wesfarmers. The detail and extent of such issues, and the care taken by the companies to ensure the proper compliance, made me realize the importance of such principles. By analyzing the data of two companies, over two years, especially when one of it had reported the two reports in different countries, has given me an idea about the factors that have an impact on the applicability of these standards. The integration of these guidelines in the functioning of these companies was also worth noting. Though, a huge issue that I encountered while making this assignment was the difficulty in locating the information, especially for the part A of this assignment. The information was not properly presented in case of Wesfarmers, but for Fuji Xerox, the information was easily accessible, as well as, interpretable. By gaining the insights on these guidelines in the working of the companies, I was able to clear my concepts related to the integration of reporting in the Aspects covered under these guidelines. Further, this knowledge would help me in my future jobs, as now I have attained a practical understanding regarding the aspects associated with the sustainability reporting. In the future, when I become a manager, or a part of the higher management, this understanding would help me in applicability of the various regulations and standards followed by the companies. Further, by carrying out real time case study of two companies, I have gained insight on how to resolve the issues associated with sustainability and corporate governance. Fuji Xerox. (2014) Fuji Xerox Australia Sustainability Report 2014. [Online] Fuji Xerox. Available from: https://www.fxasustainability.com.au/2014/report.php [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Fuji Xerox. (2014) GRI G4 content index in accordance - Core. [Online] Fuji Xerox. Available from: https://www.fxasustainability.com.au/2014/gri_g4_content_index_in_accordance-core.pdf [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Fuji Xerox. (2014) Report Centre 2014. [Online] Fuji Xerox. Available from: https://www.fxasustainability.com.au/2014/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Fuji Xerox. (2015) GRI Guidelines. [Online] Fuji Xerox. Available from: https://www.fujixerox.com/eng/company/sr/2015/guidelines.html#sec10 [Accessed on: 07/10/16] GRI. (2016) G4 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. [Online] GRI. Available from: https://www.globalreporting.org/standards/g4/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed on: 07/10/16] GRI. (2016) Materiality. [Online] GRI. Available from: https://g4.globalreporting.org/how-you-should-report/reporting-principles/principles-for-defining-report-content/materiality/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Salter Baxter. (2012) The five things you really need to know about GRI G4. [Online] Salter Baxter. Available from: https://www.salterbaxter.com/the-five-things-you-really-need-to-know-about-gri-g4/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2014) 2014 Sustainability Report. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://www.wesresources.com.au/sustainability_report_2014/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2014) Sustainability Report 2014. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://2014.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2015) 2015 Annual Report. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20150917/pdf/431d8fyj0rz8zy.pdf [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2015) 2015 Sustainability Report. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://www.wesresources.com.au/sustainability_report_2015/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2015) GRI G4 Content Index. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://www.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-data/gri-g4-content-index/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2015) Sustainability at Wesfarmers. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-approach/sustainability-at-wesfarmers/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16] Wesfarmers. (2015) Sustainability Report 2015. [Online] Wesfarmers. Available from: https://2015.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/ [Accessed on: 07/10/16]

Self-Concept Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self-Concept - Personal Statement Example I, being a 47 years old lady, have also developed a depiction about my personal existence. I think the picture I have made up in my mind about myself matches good with what I am. This is because of the experiences in my life, whether sweet or sour. In this practical world every person faces problems and difficulties, and also happy moments. Ups and downs are such parts of life that could never be separated. If we don't face sorrows than we will not be able to get pleasure in happiness. These ups and downs have helped me to understand myself better. we are when we are alone and what we are in front of others. Also we behave differently when we are facing our family members and friends that are our closed ones, and when we are facing society or people with whom we are living together and enjoying life in communities. If I talk about myself when I am alone, that is I am not required to present myself in front of anyone I found myself as a thinker. I am an intellectual person and think about my surrounding activities, and what is going on in my life. This helps me to have an overview on my deeds. Almost every time my actions are planned in advance. I look at the positive and negative points of the action I am going to do, and based on that analysis I took forward my steps. I believe that if a person mindlessly performs his duty and does not thinks about his ambition in life, than his life would be unfruitful. I am a divorcee having a daughter and a grandson who is six weeks old. Now if I talk about what I am in front of my family and friends, I think I am a very friendly, outspoken and honest person. My intellectuality has grown in myself quality of judgment. I found myself very decisive and a good judge. I have developed a pretty logical outlook on matters which seems to be problematic to my family and I have come up with decisions that have helped them a lot. It's the result of my decisions that I have a great respect in my family. Now I will come on to how I am in front of society or people with whom we are formally associated. This includes cultural and economic part of my life along with what I have achieved and what I have did in my life. If I talk about my studies I have a pretty good background. I have an AS in Electrical Engineering from Dutchess Community College. When I was 13 I had a paper route, ant at the age of 16 I started working at K-Mart as a cashier. Because of my dedicated work I was soon promoted there to head cashier. I completed my graduation in the

The Impact of Slavery on British Colonialism. (The Atlantic slave Term Paper

The Impact of Slavery on British Colonialism. (The Atlantic slave trade) - Term Paper Example The treatment the slaves received during this time in history cannot be compared to any other type of annihilation on human beings and culture. The New world consisted of north, central and south America. The Atlantic slave trade began as a trade between the Old World and the New World in the Americas began to increase. As technology on European ships, became greater and gave ships a better ability to travel through the rough waters of the Atlantic Ocean. A process of triangular trade started to occur. The first portion of the triangle would be from transporting the goods from Europe to Africa in order to purchase slaves2. The second would be the trade of slaves from Africa to the Americas. The third portion of the triangle would be the final goods being exported from the Americas to Europe. This triangle of trade is the system that was used throughout the bulk of the Atlantic slave trade era. Europeans believed the use of slaves would help fix their labor shortage problem3. They ove rworked the natives of the New World, and many would die from being run into the ground or from diseases. The Europeans labor supply in the New World was dwindling and so their solution to their immediate problem was to import labor from Africa in order to expand their production and wealth. The Atlantic slave trade became a vital part in the Industrial Revolution. Portugal was the first European country to participate in slave trading. Other European countries that were participating in slave trading were England, France, Spain and the Netherlands as well as the United States from across the Atlantic Ocean4. These nations would purchase slaves from African community leaders, and they would pick them up from outposts that were created for the purpose of the slave trade on the western coast of Africa where the slaves were taken from the central and Western parts of the continent. They would then be boarded onto ships like cargo and were transferred to the Americas cheaply and quickly . The slaves then became the legal property of the proprietor and could be sold at the market; much like material goods or services5. It has been estimated that the number of slaves brought across the Atlantic Ocean amounts to 12 million individuals with about a million individuals dying during cargo ship transportation. The highest number of immigrants from the Old World into the New World, actual numbers of slaves procured from slave traders has accounted to be much higher. The racism we see today towards individuals of African descent stemmed from the slavery they were subjected to6. Human beings would be on equals otherwise, as are all born as such. Walter Rodney’s perspective on racism states that "Above all, it was the institution of slavery in the Americas which ultimately conditioned racial attitudes, even when their more immediate derivation was the literature on Africa or contacts within Europe itself. It has been well attested that New World slave - plantation soci ety was the laboratory of modern racism. The owners contempt for and fear of the black slaves was expressed in religious, scientific and philosophical terms, which became the stock attitudes of European and even Africans in subsequent generations7. Although before and after the slave trade era there had been contributions to the racist philosophy, the historical experience of blacks being enslaved by the whites for four centuries established the tie between racist and color prejudice, and created individual racists, as well as

Aspects of sSteve Jobs, a powerful entrepreneur's life Essay

Aspects of sSteve Jobs, a powerful entrepreneur's life - Essay Example gerate about their abilities and most people take on a unilateral approach by asserting that it was Steve Jobs who was the real driver of success behind Apple, or those who are supportive of Stephen Wozniak may opt to praise Stephen and regard him as being the primary reason of success in Apple’s case. In my understanding, both approaches are flawed and I firmly believe that due credit of abilities should be given to both personalities and it should be realized that Apple’s success was due to the joint venture of both personalities; both contributed significantly towards developing, manufacturing and marketing the product and ended up winning success that was beyond imagination for many in the industry. In my opinion, if there was no Wozniak, development of superior quality electronic devices was impossible. Similarly, if there was no Steve Jobs, the marketing and selling of Wozniak’s electronic equipment would have been a dream unfulfilled. Therefore, it appears logical to assert that both individuals had been working for their mutual benefits and the puzzle of their success can only be solved if both pieces, Jobs and Wozniak, are put together. Were it not for the decent product that Wozniak designed, Jobs success could have been a remote or impossible prospect. Similarly, if Jobs marketing skills are withdrawn from their picture of success; colors of failure will dominate the picture that is left behind. In my opinion, the idea of discussing Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak in a separate fashion, originated only after the two personalities departed professionally. This incident coincides with the development of Apple II and it appears that the two geniuses underwent considerable stress prior to this decisions. This is reflected by Wozniak’s remarks that he gave upon Steve Jobs’ death, when he said â€Å"It’s like the world lost a John Lennon. We’ve lost something we won’t get back†. The truth is that Wozniak was aware of Jobs capabilities and for

Corporate Debt Ratings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Debt Ratings - Essay Example Rating Agency Criteria. When setting the actual rating for a specific company, most credit rating agencies use different criteria for different industries. This makes perfect sense because it would not be reasonable to evaluate a financial services company in the same way that a retail products manufacturer is analyzed. Although there are different ways of looking at different companies, most investment credit rating issuers use four general categories to determine an organization's financial health. The first category used is the size of the company. Although size is not always an indicator of financial health, it does impact a company's credit because larger companies usually have more "resources...which can reduce volatility and lower credit risk" (Lee 7). This means that a larger company can survive a period of lower sales or higher expenses, and will not default on its debt as quickly as a smaller company might if the economy turns down. Investors, especially those that invest in debt instruments like bonds, are very concerned with an organization's ability to pay its debts. Another important criterion is that of product diversity and profitability. If an organization is dependent upon only one or two products to provide its primary revenue, it is more likely to have difficulty repaying its debts than a company that has many hundreds of products. Also, if the profitability of the product line is high, the organization is more likely to have the money needed to pay interest or dividends; meaning that it is a better investment than a company that makes less on its sales. A third consideration for credit rating companies and investors to consider is the financial strength of the company itself. This is a function of balance sheet information that reflects such quantifiable values as debt-to-equity ratios, liquidity analysis, gross profit margins, and return on investment. The financial strength of a company is also shown by the amount of sales it has had, the amount of cash in the bank, how much money it owes to its creditors, and other financial information. Finally, the credit rating services will examine an organization's financial policies to ensure that it is conducting its business according to appropriate laws and accounting rules. This category of analysis helps investors to have confidence that the reports the company issues are accurate, and that there is a less likely chance that negative financial information will be undiscovered or ignored. There are other criteria used by rating services, but these four show how a combination of items can reflect the relative financial strength of an organization. If a company is large with many different products, a lot of cash in the bank, and always reporting its financial information accurately, it is much more likely to survive any economic crisis than an organization that is small, poor, and dishonest. The higher rating given to the better company lets investors know that their money is less likely to be lost due to default. Rating Agency Importance. Investment ratings from these agencies are very

Not Finishing Well Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Not Finishing Well - Essay Example We accept warfare or conflict as a normal part of life. The Divine Teachers want us to free ourselves from this condition by not looking backward but instead, by looking ahead. In Christian spirit, one sees that the most essential discipline is the nearness with Christ. Nearness implies the fidelity in carrying the teachings of Christ and applying them to one's daily life. This gives a person some plans or purpose in life. It is incumbent upon the followers of Christ to promote amity or harmony among the believers. They should enlighten and educate children to instill a growing hope. Ignoring this call is like a journey back, a failure. In his article Longevity with Distinction and Dignity-Finishing Well, Pastor Eugene Harder echoes that "Jesus died to remove the curse that prevented people from finishing well." We are reaching a new era in the history of mankind. And springtime is knocking at the door. For our brief sojourn on this life-giving planet, we could say that even though we did not start well, we could indeed find time to finish well.

White flight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

White flight - Essay Example locations as well as from underdeveloped to contemporary locations the resettlement of people has been perceived as a positivist trend for the settlers themselves as well as for their adopted homelands / towns, because of its ability to contribute in the process of revolutionizing such homelands. Several theories exist, which attempt to describe such a phenomenon, whereby people belonging to a particular region or culture migrate in large numbers to other areas. According to one such theory put forward by Bottomore (1991), imperialism is a system of monopolistic exchange whereby â€Å"excess† is channelized from subsidiary territories to frontrunner sectors which are thriving in all aspects. In other words it is also described as process that suggests domination of underdeveloped countries or regions at the hand of the well established nations1. The theories illustrating the new trend of large scale immigration of Hispanics in the white dominated areas, of southern California, particularly, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, and Riverside, emerged during the early 1990s2 whereby such a trend was contemplated as a part of a global phenomenon with large chunks of population from less developed economies migrated in large numbers to more developed ones in search of better prospects. The concentration of Hispanics in Southern California is relatively high as compared to those belonging to non Hispanic races. According to the Southern California Association of Governments Region (SCAG)3 the significant number of Hispanics in various regions of southern California is a result of the state’s close proximity to the Mexican border as well as the ensuing symbiotic association among the various counties of the southern part of California and Mexico. The Los Angeles region has witnessed a long and impressive history of foreign migration since its founding. According to the State of California Department of Finance report4, the number of whites residing in Los Angeles is

Children on edge of care, and the role of social workers associated Essay

Children on edge of care, and the role of social workers associated with them - Essay Example The language used in describing the issue of child protection has undergone many transformations over the years, and has especially seen marked changes in the last 40 years. From 1960s medico-social perspectives that exposed and treated the ‘battered babies’ (Parton, 1991), to the modern day twenty-first century provisions for ‘child care’ by the UK government, represent the huge transition in the perspectives of the state and the society on the issue of child protection. â€Å"The primary focus of official concern has broadened considerably. While in the 1960s it was ‘battered babies’, in the 1970s ‘non-accidental in jury to children’, in the 1980s ‘child abuse’, and for much of the 1990s ‘significant harm and the likelihood of significant harm’, the focus of the new millennium is ‘safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the child’† (Parton, 2007, 9). ... that children need a secure and stable familial atmosphere within their homes, â€Å"in order to enable them to develop attachments and achieve the outcomes, to which we aspire, for all children. However, some children who are not able to form these attachments in their present living circumstances may need to be moved, which entails difficult judgements for all concerned†( Department for education and skills, 2006, 4). Protections for such children, were given a legal framework for the first time through the legislation of the Children Act 1989. Under section 31 of this 1989 act, children without stable and secure homes are liable to come under the overall care of the local authorities. ‘Children in care,’ however is a blanket term that covers all children that are being cared for by the local authorities, including â€Å"those subject to care orders under section 31of the children act 1989 and those looked after on a voluntary basis through an agreement with th eir parents† (Lall, 2007, 3). As per the Department of Education, the children that are placed for some reason under care of the local authorities in England /UK, form one of the most vulnerable social sections, in today’s context. â€Å"The majority of children in care are there because they have suffered abuse or neglect. At any one time around 60,000 children are looked after in England (of whom some 59 per cent are subject to care orders). Some 90,000 children are looked after at some point in any one year† (Department for Education, 2011). Children in care can be broadly divided into 3 basic types. These are: Any child placed under the care of the local authorities (LA). Children that are provisioned to a statutory care order under the rulings of section 31 of the Children Act 1989. Children place

End of White America Essay Example for Free

End of White America Essay Racism and prejudice have always existed in human history. Being a taboo subject and a debated issue, many people have tried to explain and find the reason to such conduct concerning another group of people. Such researches are the hope of many to see the racial discrimination ending. Vincent N. Parillo, through his essay Causes of Prejudice tries to explain the reasons of racism in the U. S. Parillo divides his essay in two parts, one for the psychological causes and one for the social reasons. In the first part, Parillo cites the main psychological causes as: levels of prejudices self-justification, personality and frustration. In the second part he transactions into the social explanations, which are: socialization, economic competition and social norms. For each cause he gives strong arguments based on historical data and actual facts and statistics which made his essay reliable. Along the same lines Hua Hsu in â€Å"The End of White America? † argues that America is becoming post racial. According to him race will matter less and less and whiteness will come to an end. Hsu is positive and confident that Americans will overcome resentment stimulated up by these changes and produce a culture in which race won’t be an important factor. These feelings might have been embedded within the people over a really long time and it will take a lot of time and determination to overcome the resentement that is stirred up from within the people. Parrillo provides a great deal of emphasiz into prejudice and the potential or future problems posed by the changing power dynamic between the roles to help us understand the shift and the reason behind the shift. Will Hsu’s words come true? Will white regain their power? Or will they remain threatened about their fading culture and value in America. In my opinion white people have lost power but the only reason that happened is because now there is a more variety due to people immigrating to America and therefore white people are not a majority anymore and have more competition. A couple of decades ago, children were easily influenced by the decisions of others due to demographic shift. In the 1950’s the culture was mostly white. Either people were white, were forced to be white or wanted to be white to fit in. This was because most of the population was white. Accoring to Hsu by the 2050’s white will no longer be there and that most American’s will no longer be white. Hsu always carefully observed the shift in culture which has already started taking place. He touches upon the subject of the white people not having a strong culture. Parrillo talks about different types of prejudice. He states that in the socialization process, people learn the â€Å"values, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of their culture or subculture† (Hsu, 504). Children are being easily swayed because they are taught to obey their parents, and respect that which often takes on the beliefs and ideas of their parents without them knowing what is right or wrong or what they want and don’t. The beliefs of a child’s parents also become the child’s beliefs at a very young age because their parents are the ones that are with them every step of the way. It is believed that people learn from their parents and from others in society may be stereotypes since they don’t have a mind of their own at that age to judge what is true or not. However, many people don’t recognize this, since people are so accustomed to hearing these stereotypes. One example that Parrillo gives is of the Jim Crow laws of the 1890’s and the early 20th century. â€Å"Prejudice, like cultural values is taught and learned through the socialization process. The prevailing prejudicial attitudes and actions may be deeply embedded in custom or law, although socialization explains how prejudicial attitudes may be transmitted from the generation to the next, it does not explain their origin or why they intensify or diminish over the years† (394). The people who grew up with Jim Crow laws accepted them as normal, though they weren’t. Things in the world are slowly and gradually changing. Before, parents used to influence their child’s thoughts and beliefs; however, nowadays other elements influence the child’s beliefs. Watching Dora and more TV shows which give out little facts that are stored in the child’s mind and therefore the child is affected by it. This therefore has influenced the youth greatly, â€Å"the youth market is following the same pattern: consider the cheetah girls or Dora the Explorer, the precocious bilingual seven year old Latina adventurer who is arguably the most successful animated character on children’s television today† (Hsu, 503). They are getting more swayed by the shows. Several decades ago they did what their parents did or asked of them. The only factor that influenced the kids judgment was their parents but now things are different and a lot more influences them like characters, shows, media, and society and therefore parents involvement in their children’s judgment has decreased over the years because so many other factors are more appealing. Hsu gives an explain of Dora, since she is a character who does not conform to the â€Å"white middle class mold†. Referring to different types of prejudice according to Parrillo, it would have to be social norms, since the norms are what society or parents teach their children in that time period. â€Å"By learning and automatically accepting the prevailing prejudices, an individual is simply conforming to the norms. This theory holds that a direct relationship exists between degree of conformity and degree of prejudice† (396). Peoples prejudice would increase or decrease only if the people were introduced to something that is not the norm and most of the kids in today’s world make their own decisions by getting influenced by their own interests and not their parents. Socialization and social norms instill in people certain attitudes, which can manifest themselves under the stress of economic competition. An additional sociological view of prejudice is that of economic competition. The young kids today are the future of tomorrow and therefore economic competition is much more visible in today’s world than it was a few decades ago. People are more â€Å"hostile toward others when they feel that their security is threatened thus many social scientists conclude that economic competition and conflict breed prejudice† (Parrillo, 394). This viewpoint is based on the confidence that when people feel as though their security is being exposed, people are more forceful and unpromising. â€Å"Considerable evidence shows that negative stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination increase markedly whenever competition for available jobs increases† (394). Which is therefore one of the reasons that people are prejudiced because of economic competition which exists a lot in the world of today. Adding Hua Hsu’s thoughts into this, his main example is hip-hop. â€Å"During popular musics rise in the twentieth century while artists and produced main streamed African American innovations. But hip-hop the sound of the post civil-rights, post-soul generation was a global audience on its own terms† (502). Instead of being watered down and whitened like black music in the past, it has remained unmistakably black and yet has taken over the music industry. Sean Combs, like Barack Obama, can be black and yet be accepted by Americans of all colors and reach the top of his field. According to Census data, about 50% of Latinos identify themselves as white. How one identifies them is shaped by both personal and social factors. Due to this de-indianized immigrants click on white in the census. They believed being white was a step closer to being American. This is having a drastic shift according to Hua Hsu. â€Å" Whiteness is no longer a threat or an ideal; its kitsch to be appropriated, whether with gestures like combo’s white parties or the trickle-down epidemic of collared shirts and cuff links currently afflicting rappers†(502) and therefore an expansive multiculturalism is going to be replacing the â€Å"us against the world mentality that lent a thrilling edge to hip-hops mid 1990’s rise† (503). Economic competition now plays a major part in today’s world as it did decades ago. Decades ago, life was a different ball game and people were content with what they had but today every little things are a competition. May it be a battle between the sexes or a competition between who has a better job. To claim that a person is White but against ignorance and oppression is like saying one â€Å"hates the concept of baseball but is a Boston Red Sox fan†. How does white exist outside of the historical background of America’s social rift? Eventually, the same subject pertains to all Americas racial colors that were used for whiteness to even exist. The difference, however, is that behind minority racial colors is a concrete culture whether it be Indian, Mexican, Native American, Chinese etc. that contributes to a greater American background that belongs to everyone, but is institutionally coordinated by the one racial demographic bereft of culture. (Hsu, 504) So again, what do you think defines the identity of whiteness and more importantly how is it exclusive to being a white person? A cultures constitution is formed by how it has come into existence and the methods used to maintain its traditions. White is not a race. It is a arranged social notion designed on isolating the human race. The young is the future of tomorrow, which is why economic competition plays such a big role. Self- Justification and frustration are other levels of prejudice mentioned in Parrillo’s theories. It â€Å"involves denigrating a person or group to justify maltreatment of them. In this situation, self-justification leads to prejudice and discrimination against members of another group† (387). Parrillo also relates this to a person’s financial status; â€Å"a person may avoid social contact with groups deemed inferior and associate only with those identified as being of high status† (387). When people feel inferior to other person, they react to it and want someone to feel inferior to them. According to Hsu â€Å"Pop culture today rallies around an ethic of multicultural inclusion that seems to value every identity—except whiteness† (503). The white culture is declining and the white people are surrounded by so much diversity that they feel like they are so bland compared to them. They don’t feel exotic or different anymore. â€Å"The classic thing white students say when you ask them to talk about who they are is, ‘I don’t have a culture’† (505). A few decades ago white people took pride in being different and exotic. But now slowly and gradually they are becoming a minority because of all the immigrants. â€Å"People tend to be more hostile toward others when they feel that their security is threatened† (Parrillo, 394). White people are more accepting to other cultures and races now since they feel like they are threatened because of the amount of immigrants present in America right now. Since the white people feel like their culture is faded they are getting more paranoid and frustrated. â€Å"Frustration is a result of relative deprivation in which expectations remain unsatisfied† (391). When one does not have sufficient resources in their lives, and their lives are compared to other individuals, they feel inferior and humiliated. With all these immigrants coming to the United States it is making us the majority race, and with all the white people moving away they are giving us the opportunity to overpopulate and put the standards high for whites to accommodate to our lifestyles. This therefore is fading the white culture as due to the immigrants they don’t feel like they are exotic anymore. They believed that everyone wanted to be a white American but now the definition of American itself is changing. It is not a typical rich, white person anymore. I believe that throughout the years, races will all have their chances in population and high power, because it all depends on what race is growing and succeeding at that time of that period. I do not think that whites will become a minority because as i stated before, we all have a time when a race is higher than others and when some are lower than others. If that day does come when whites become minorities, then I sure hope they get the thrive to come up again because I believe that for a country to be successful it needs all types of cultures, races and ethnicity. Even if one race does become the main focus, it is not till to long and it will fade away eventually due to all the immigrants that are present and coming to America.

Computerized Payroll System for GTZ Printing Press Essay Example for Free

Computerized Payroll System for GTZ Printing Press Essay I am find no words at my command to express our deepest sense of gratitude to the almighty GOD, the most Gracious, the most Merciful and the most Beneficent, who gives us the talent to complete this task successfully. He is the one who gave us the courage to do this. I am are much obliged to our beloved parents whose prayers have enabled us to reach this stage. At this occasion we can’t forget our parents for their guidance at the crucial moments of our life. I am are very thankful to Marmolejo Naryvic T. whose guidance is always with us. Who always encouraged us and his guidance us to complete this project. We are greatly thankful to our adviser Ms. Cecilia Abaricia who helped us in proposal writing and gave us a lot of helping material and suggestion. Her specific comments, corrections, critiques and criticisms were the most helpful. Acknowledgement The researcher would like to acknowledge the following persons in making this research work successful: Almighty God, for the gift of wisdom and strength in creating this kind of research work; Ms. Cecilia Abaricia thesis adviser, for her time, patience, and effort in sharing her knowledge in correcting this research work; Naryvic T. Marmolejo for his instructions and tips in the development of the system that was developed by the researchers. Mr. Alex Hipolito, Finance Officer, for sharing his expertise in payroll procedures of their company And above all to the Great Almighty God who give us strength, courage presence of mind, guidance and inspiration to finish my study.

The 11 Training Program In Football Physical Education Essay

The 11 Training Program In Football Physical Education Essay Football is a high participation sport world-wide and like most sports is associated with a certain risk of injury for players, both at the competitive and recreational level (Junge Dvorak, 2004). However, it has been shown that the incidence of football injuries can be reduced by adopting various injury prevention strategies including warm-up, with an emphasis on stretching, proper medical attention for injuries, appropriate recovery methods and time, appropriate cool-down, use of protective equipment good playing field conditions and adherence to existing rules (Dvorak et al; 2000). Physical conditioning interventions have been shown to provide significant benefit in the prevention of injuries in adults (Caraffa et al., 1996), particularly with respect to the reduction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Similarly, in younger adolescent male (Junge et al., 2002) and female football players (Mandelbaum et al; 2005) and in other team sports (Emery et al., 2005) the usefulness of exercise-based conditioning programmes for injury prevention has been shown. Whilst it is clear that sport- specific strength training programmes that include a balance training component are effective in improving physical condition and reducing the risk of injury in mature athletes, there is lack of documentation on such strategies among younger football players. There is a need to determine how physical conditioning intervention benefits younger children since they are skeletally immature and when participating in sport, are susceptible to a range of hard- and soft-tissue injuries (Frank et al., 2007). Sport injuries could be one of the main reasons why athletes drop-out from sports or stop playing prematurely. However, other factors may also predispose to the prevalence of dropping out, for instance the condition of the playing field. In most countries, football is traditionally played on natural grass but for climatic and economic reasons, artificial turf has become a popular alternative playing surface. However, till date, the risk of injury on artificial turfs is poorly documented (Steffen et al., 2007). There is a possibility that playing on different surfaces or switching between turfs may lead to an increased risk of injury in elite as well as in amateur football. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Conceptual Framework of Study In this study, experimental participant football players will subject to The 11 training programme to elucidate the effects physical performance. On other side The 11 is a time-efficient injury prevention program, and can after a short period of Familiarization is completed in 10-15 minutes (F-MARC, 2005). The exercises require no equipment except a ball, and are meant to be part of the warm-up period each training session, replacing similar exercises often used during warm-up. The 11 includes ten exercises, focusing on core stability, balance, dynamic stabilization, and eccentric hamstring strength. Training programme will increase positive effects for approaches of physical performance that involve Leg power, Coordination and Explosive Leg Power, Core Stability and Muscular Endurance , Speed, Football-Specific Agility. These positive effects will reflex obviously on injury incidence among young football players that result in decreasing injury risk and injury rate. Figure 1. Show t he Conceptual framework to indicate effects of training on physical performance and injuries. 2.2 FIFAs The 11 a prevention programme The 11 comprises 10 evidence-based or best-practice exercises being enhanced by education and promotion of Fair Play. The programme is designed to reduce football injury, such as ankle sprains, hamstring and groin strains, and ligament injuries in the knee. The 11 requires no equipment other than a ball, can be complete in 10 to 15 minutes and should be performed routinely in every training session. The programme can be performed on the field with the players wearing their usual equipment and football shoes. The exercises can be carried out anywhere at any time, ideally daily and not only during training sessions or match days (Dvorak, J. 2005). The effectiveness of FIFAs The 11 to actually reduce injury incidence and physical performance in football has yet to be determined, for any age group or level of player. The impact of The 11 programme on actual injury risk is not possible to determine from the data collected in the present study. However, the observed improvements in physical attributes and findings of previous longitudinal studies (Hart, et al., 2001) would suggest that The 11 has the potential to reduce injury risk across the age range. Whilst no data currently exists showing the efficacy of exercise-based injury prevention programmes for young players, data from slightly older players is considered. However, we acknowledge the limitations in speculating on injury prevention using different populations drawn from other studies. In a study involving 42 female high school football players aged 14- 18 years, Heidt et al. (2000) demonstrated that a 7-week individualized, football-specific, pre-season training programm e (focusing on cardiovascular conditioning, plyometrics, strength training and flexibility) was successful in significantly (p The 11. More recently, (Mandelbaum et al, 2005) investigated the effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programme in adolescent football players over a 2 year period and reported a reduction in ACL injury of 88% (Year 1) and 74% (Year 2) compared to a control group. Collectively, these studies clearly show the effectiveness and usefulness of such programmes for injury prevention purposes in adolescent sport participants. Whilst speculation can only be made until further studies are conducted, it is possible that the The 11 would offer similar benefits to previous conditioning interventions, specifically to young players, and importantly, across the age/experience continuum. 2.3 Physical Performance All sports are a combination of technique, tactics, physical fitness and psychological fitness. The complexity of football is such that the relative importance of each of these variables can change from game to game. Probably one of the reasons that football is played by so many is that the game requires no specific gifts to be successful. Some games have traits that are unique to but a few, such as strength and power for American football, height for basketball, speed for sprinters, or endurance for distance running. Football, while not requiring any specific trait for success, does require some ability in all aspects of physical fitness (Dvorak, et al; 2000). However, explosive efforts during sprints, duels, jumps, and kicks are important performance factors in football, requiring maximal strength and anaerobic power of the neuromuscular system (Hoff Helgerud, 2004). Low physical fitness may therefore contribute to an increased injury risk. In preventing injuries, increased streng th has been shown beneficial in male (Askling et al; 2003) and female athletes (Knapik et al; 1991). In addition, jumping height among young females (Emery et al; 2005) and estimated VO2max (maximum oxygen uptake) among female and male football players could not be associated to injury risk. To conclude, there is little knowledge about the potential relationship between physical fitness and injury risk. 2.3.1 Leg Power Many studies have reported that in soccer games, aerobic and anaerobic power are important features Players of a Danish first-division junior soccer team performed 76 high-intensity runs of 12 to 15 m during a soccer match. Therefore, sprint running performance, with or without the ball, is an important factor that may explain the superiority of a winning team. In addition, (Stolen et al). reported that 96% of sprint bouts during a soccer game are shorter than 30 m, with 49% being shorter than 10 m. In this context, it must be emphasized that the 10-m performance (or even shorter distances such as 5 m or power production from a stationary start) is a relevant test variable in modern soccer. This may be crucial in critical ball duals. Similarly, jumping performances might be considered as determinant of physical demands during soccer duals. The power produced depends on both force and velocity Power is defined as the combination of strength and speed. In any sport explosive movement i s critical for improving performance. In sports like tennis, football, basketball, and football sprinting from one side of the court or field to another is an important part of winning. Also in many situations, to score goals or to stop goals being scored, the player should be faster and more powerful than the opponent. Moreover, by increasing force in appropriate muscles or muscles groups, acceleration and speed may improve in skills critical to football such as turning, sprinting, and changing pace. In many situations, to score goals or to stop goals being scored, the player should be faster and more powerful than the opponent. Moreover, by increasing force in appropriate muscles or muscles groups, acceleration and speed may improve in skills critical to soccer such as turning, sprinting, and changing pace (3). Soccer is becoming more and more athletic and to win a running or jumping dual or to catch the ball before the opponent and to score, high short-term muscle power is necessary. The power produced depends on both force and velocity. 2.3.2 Coordination and Explosive Leg Power Modern football requires a high level of physical conditioning throughout a competitive season. Therefore, one of the most important aims of training programs in the preparation (pre-season) period is to improve football-specific strength. Football-specific strength is a concept which is extensively used in training practice and can be defined as the ability of a football player to use muscle strength and power effectively and consistently within a game and a whole season (Bangsbo, 1994). Also, during a football game, each player performs several dynamic movements (headers, cutting, tackling, sprints, and kicks) which require a very good level of muscle strength, power and endurance .Strength in its various forms (maximum and explosive strength, rate of force development) plays a critical role on performance of such skills (Cabri et al; 1988). Football practice suggests that a football player needs to develop a level of maximum strength and power, which is utilized effectively within the game (Buhrle, 1985). Moreover, typical athletic movements are characterized by the occurrence of a special strength variant which is called explosive leg strength. Explosive strength is defined as the individual ability of the neuromuscular system to manifest strain in the shortest possible time-span (VerhoÃ…Â ¡anski, 1979). In his definition of explosive strength, (Zatziorsky, 1995) introduced the notion of reversible strength which consists of two phases: the eccentric (stretch) and concentric (shortening) phase. The concentric phase should follow the muscle extension phase that precedes it as soon as possible. These kinds of muscle actions are used when hitting a ball, in a running start and during jumps (StojanoviĆ¡ NeÃ…Â ¡iĆ¡; 2005). The stretching and shortening cycles are characteristic of plyometrics training. The elastic characteristics of muscles and the reflex function have a significant influence on the stretching of muscles. The muscle stretching reflex is includ ed in the SSC (stretch shortening cycle). For a high quality eccentric- concentric contraction, three important conditions have to be satisfied: the timely activation of the musculature just prior to the eccentric contraction, the short duration of the eccentric contraction and the instant shift from the stretching phase to the shortening phase (Komi Gollhofer, 1997).In addition, it has been demonstrated that explosive-type resistance training is more effective in improving vertical jump compared to high-resistance training. However, it has also been reported that resistance training does not always result in enhancement of vertical jump, which is affected by other factors such as learning effect training status and volume training. Other studies reported that combined training programs including resistance and explosive unloaded tasks such as throwing, jumping or kicking in the same training session may improve muscular strength and the speed of execution on the task term changes in football players repeated sprint ability is not documented. the jumping ability depends on inter limb coordination, muscle type fiber and occasionally, on maximum strength, depending on the level of the player vertical jump is improved through various types of training interventions, such as jumping exercises, depth jump, resistance training and combination of plyometrics exercises and electro stimulation, also starting power is necessary for sports that require high speed to cover a given distance in the shortest time possible. Athletes must be able to generate maximum force at the beginning of a muscular contraction to create a high initial speed. A fast start, either from a low position as in sprinting or from a tackling position in football, depends on the reaction time and power the athlete can exert at that instant. In summary, Vertical jump performance is determined not only by the strength of the muscles of the lower body, but by the rate at which the muscles can develop force, the speed with which they can contract and still maintain force output, the ability to utilize the stretch-shortening cycle to maximize the jump height and the degree of coordination and skill in performing the movements. Traditional weight training strength will only increase jump height in athletes who exhibit low initial strength. If the athlete is already strong, training should concentrate on improving rate of force development and muscle power output. 2.3.3 Core Stability and Muscular Endurance The effectiveness of core stability type exercises for treating or preventing lower back and lower and upper extremity injuries. Core stability exercises performed for rehabilitation purposes are often performed on unstable equipment such as a Swiss ball, wobble board, low density mat, or air filled disc. However core stability can be developed with exercises that are structured to emphasize muscular characteristics such as endurance, strength, exercises designed to develop these characteristics should be performed to mimic the movement patterns encountered during sports participation. Therefore, the majority of core stability exercises should be performed with free weights while standing. The traditional free weight lifts commonly performed while standing on stable ground provide a great foundation for further core stability training. However, all of these lifts emphasize trunk movement and stabilization in the sagittal plane. Therefore, athletes should consider performing other lifts that involve trunk movement and stabilization in the frontal, transverse, and diagonal planes. Many times an athlete must execute a skill while supported on a single leg, and research has demonstrated higher core muscle activity when resistance exercises were performed unilaterally versus bilaterally. T herefore, ground based free weight lifts should be modified periodically to focus on unilateral strength and power development (Vera at el, 2000). Moreover, strength training for sports must be based on the specific physiological requirements of the sport and must result in the development of either power or muscle endurance. Furthermore, strength training must revolve around the needs of planning-periodization for that sport and employ training methods specific to a given training phase, with the goal of reaching peak performance at the time of major competitions. Strength, speed and endurance are the important abilities for successful performance. The dominant ability is the one from which the sport requires a higher contribution (for instance. endurance is the dominant ability in long-distance running). Most sports require peak performance in at least two abilities. Power, the ability to perform an explosive movement in the shortest time possible, results from the integration of maximum strength and speed. The combination of endurance and speed is called speed-endurance, a relationship of high methodical importance exists among strength, speed, and endurance. A solid foundation for specialized training is built during the initial years of training. This sport-specific phase is a requirement for all national-level and elite athletes who aim for precise training effects. As a result of specific exercises, the adaptation process occurs in accordance with an athletes specialization. For elite athletes, the relationship among strength, speed, and endurance is dependent on the sport and the athletes needs (Tudor, 2001). In conclusion, there are two types of endurance, short and long range. Short endurance refers to ability to sprint longer and long endurance is more general and it help pull off an entire match. Its important to know that endurance isn t just about being able to run for the ball longer in a match. However, core stability training should receive some attention in the training programs of all athletes. 2.3.4 Speed Speed plays in football an important role, the accelerated pace of the game calls for rapid execution of typical movements by every member in a team. In many instances, successful implementation of certain technical or tactical maneuvers by different team members is directly related with the degree of velocity deployed (Kollath Quade, 1993).Football players running speed can be improved following several types of training interventions such as sprint training, towing, over speed and specific plyometrics exercises, According to the Dawson study (2003), the large majority of sprints performed in football take six seconds or less to complete, over distances of only 10-30 meters, and many of the sprints involve at least one change of direction. As running speed increases, longer strides are taken. In this instance, the swing phase involves greater knee flexion and hip extension, and greater hip flexion in the latter part of the phase (Howe, 1996). During football games, many actions affect the result of games. These actions are characterized by intermittent and multi-directional movements, as well as the movements of changing intensity and time. (Reilly Ball 1984) stated that each game typically involves about 1000 changes of activity by each individual in the course of play, and each change requires abrupt acceleration or deceleration of the body or an alteration in the direction of motion. Specific physical and physiological characteristics of football players can be used by coaches to modify training programs and to help players prepare for the game strategy. The modern football relies on the ability of all players to attack and defend whenever necessary. Therefore, it is important that all players achieve a high level of performance in the basic skills of kicking, passing, trapping, dribbling, tackling and heading. Analysis of the physical and physiological characteristics of the players and determination of the specific requirements for optimal performance are thus a necessity (Tiryaki et al., 1996). When running with a ball, much shorter strides are taken as the player must be ready to change direction and speed. At the toe-off phase, the leg may not be as extended heel stride may not be as pronounced, rather the foot may land in a more neutral position or be plantar flexed It is known that players with sprint skills have advantage over other players, accelerating power refers to the capacity to achieve high acceleration. Sprinting speed or acceleration depends on the power and quickness of muscle contraction to drive the arms and legs to the highest stride frequency, the shortest contact phase when the leg reaches the ground and the highest propulsion when the leg pushes against the ground for a powerful forward drive. The capacity of athletes to accelerate depends on both arm and leg force. Specific strength training for high acceleration will benefit most team sport athletes from wide receivers in football to wingers in rugby or strikers in football (Howe, 1996). In conclusion, football coaches focused on their athletes for endless sprints of the training speed purpose. It must be understood that this type of training does not amount to quantifiable speed work. Training stimulus in which athletes are asked to perform repeated efforts with limited rest time (especially when the symptom logy of the effort includes breathlessness, excessive sweating or an increase in lactic acid production) is not an efficient or realistic means by which to increase speed. Speed training involves a deliberate focus on the efficiency of motion, a targeted directive towards nervous system activation and adequate rest periods so as to allow this efficiency sequence to be repeated without undue fatigue 2.3.5 Football-Specific Agility Agility is the ability to change the bodys position, and requires a combination of balance, coordination, speed, reflexes, strength, endurance and stamina. Agility is usually achieved when a person is using their anaerobic systems. For example, in football, an agile player can respond quicker to an opposing player, closing down or jockeying. An agile player has the ability to explosively break, change direction and accelerate again. Also, agility is an essential attribute if a football player is going to give 100% effort and commitment during a match. Regardless of your position you need to be able to accelerate and change direction quickly. For example, a wide player must be able to dribble past an opponent using both feet and tricks. This requires the development of speed and agility. In football, the ability to accelerate, decelerate and rapid movements in all directions is more important than simply running fast. There are various methods of improving a players agility, these exercises and drills can be completed with or without a ball. In addition, agility refers to the capability to change the direction of the body abruptly. The ability to turn quickly, dodge and sidestep calls for good motor coordination and is reflected in a standardized agility run test. (Reilly, 1996). Agility tests comprise different directional movements with changes between 35 m and 142 m in area (Haywood, 1986). Wilmore has defined agility as the ability to change movement direction, and it constitutes conjunction of sprint, strength, stability and coordination factors. Also, agility is the product of a complex combination of speed. Coordination, flexibility and power as demonstrated in gymnastics, wrestling, football, football, volleyball, baseball, boxing, diving and figure skating when agility and flexibility combine, the result is mobility, the ability to cover a playing area quickly with good timing and coordination Too, agility training is particularly useful to football players who spent much of the game cutting, pivoting and moving side to side. Also, agility can help on several levels in football. Goalkeepers will have better reflexes and theyll be able to get to high balls quicker if theyre more agile. Defenders will be harder to dribble and their tackles will be more accurate and clean with the right level of agility. Midfielders can dribble with ease if theyre agile and strikers work well around their quickness in order to get in front of the defender and finish on crosses, or dribble their way to goal when possible(Wilmore, 1992). In conclusion, an essential element of successful football performance is agility, change direction quickly and deceives the opposition. Performing these movements while dribbling with alternate feet requires considerable effort and control. This requires development of speed and agility. 2.4 Incidence of Injury among young football players In contrast, several prospective studies have documented the injury incidence and patterns in players older than 12 years, where the incidence seems to increase with increasing age. Players in the 16- to 18-year age group appear to have injury incidences comparable with those of adult players. Because of the paucity of data on injuries among children playing organized football, we wanted to investigate whether there are differences between children aged 6 through 12 years playing 5- or 7-a-side football and adolescents aged 13 through 16 years playing regular 11-a-side football (Froholdt et al, 2009). In addition, in youth football, rule changes to reduce aggressive contact leading to ball control may have a potential for decreasing injury. Researchers have studied the relation of football injuries to age. Higher rates of injury occur in the older male (16 -18 years). In age-matched players, relatively poor muscular strength has been shown to be associated with higher rates of injury. In one study involving male and female players, the highest injury rates were reported for the oldest girls (17-19 years), and the lowest rates were reported for the youngest girls (9 to13 years) (Kucera at el; 2005).The incident of injury in New Zealand school teams playing football is high when compared with other youth team sports, probably because of the low ratio of hours spent in training relative to hours spent playing matches. Specifically, the incidence of match injuries was more than twice as high in rugby players compared with football players, the greater severity of rugby injuries was sh own by the higher incidence of fractures and dislocations in the rugby players compared with the football players (Junge, et al; 2004). In summary, Prevention programs, fair play, and the continuing improvement of skills may reduce the incidence of injuries among young football players in the long term. 2.4.1 Injury Rate in Youth Football Injury rate provides an estimate of the chance that an athlete will experience an injury during a specified time or exposure interval. Injury rate is defined as the number of injuries per 1000 hours of player activity time, or number of injuries per 1000 athlete exposures. Athlete-exposure is one athlete participating in one competition or one training session where he/she is exposed to the possibility of being injured, no matter what amount of time is involved. For example, two competitions involving 40 participants and three training sessions involving 50 participants would result in a total of 230 athlete exposures. (Knowles et al. 2006). On the other hand, male players have higher injury rates than female players during competition. One possible reason is that male players are usually playing at higher competitive levels. The more competitive the match, the greater the speed of movement and more body contact, all of which increase the chances of injury. On the other hand, male players have higher injury rates than female players during competition. One possible reason is that male players are usually playing at higher competitive levels. The more competitive the match, the greater the speed of movement and more body contact, all of which increase the chances of injury (Wong Hong, 2005). 2.4.2 Injury Risk in Youth Football Injury risk is the probability of an athlete sustaining an injury. Data on injury risk in seasonal elite football revealed surprisingly high injury rates for 15 to19 year-old French female football players. These figures reflect similar or even higher injury rates than recorded in adult elite level female football. The incidence of match injuries was also notably higher than match injury rates found among male youth and adolescent football players, suggesting that adolescent elite female football players are at high injury risk. Mismatches in biological maturity between young athletes may also have implications for an increased injury risk, specifically in sports that are characterised by physical contact between teammates and opponents for example, in ball team sports and martial arts. Competing regularly against older, more mature, and heavier opponents may lead to a higher incidence of injury in younger athletes (Kathrin et al; 2010). In addition, Football has a higher injury rate than many contact, collision sports such as field hockey, rugby, basketball, and football, although in community study of 7- to 13 year-old players, football did have a higher percentage of serious injuries and higher frequency of injury per team per season. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), through its National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, estimated that there were 186544 football-related injuries in 2006. Approximately 80% of these injuries affected participants younger than 24 years, and approximately 44% occurred in participants younger than 15 years. It is unfortunate that there is a wide variation in the reported incidence of football injuries as a result of study differences in factors such as level of competition, intensity of exposure, definition, classifications, and reporting of injuries. Because of difficulties with interestedly comparisons, standard definitions and methodology have been proposed to ensure consistent and comparable results in the future. With respect to age, participants younger than 15 years tend to have a higher relative injury risk and greater prevalence of injuries compared with older players. According to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, football injuries among young athletes in the United States occur at a peak of injuries per 1000 participants. 10 For football players older than 12 years, rates of 4 to 7.6 injuries per 1000 player-hours have been reported. Over an entire football season, girls and boys teams may expect 4.0 and 3.5 injuries per season, respectively. It is notable that the risk of injury is greater during competition than during practice sessions. Although suffering a previous injury within the past year confers a 1.74 relative risk of a new injury, there have been no consistent findings to support a higher risk to any position on the field. Some have reported overall injury rates to be similar between boys and girls, but others have found higher prevalence of injuries in female players, with girls having an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and concussions and being more likely than boys to be injured in training situations. In contrast, boys have a greater relative risk of injury during competition (Chris et al; 2009). In summary, the young elite athlete seems to be subjected to a high injury risk. However, the current knowledge on injury risk for this population is a part from football, based on few and for the most part small studies. Large prospective investigations are needed in most sports (Kathrin et al; 2010). 3. Problem Statement Football is the highest incidence of sports injury and like most sports higher rates of injury occur in the young football players, especially in the 14 to16 year old players than in the 16 to18 year old players. there are many reasons lead to the occurrence of these injuries such as young football players due to lack of awareness of injury prevention, insufficient preparation, technical movements are not standardized, also this might be explained by weaknesses in techniques and tactics as well as in muscle strength, endurance, and coordination in the less experienced, younger players, too youth football players are they sometimes do not understand the importance and seriousness of some things that needs to be done. Sometimes, because o