Breast Cancer Is Not Just A Single Disease Essay

Breast cancer is not just a single disease. It may come in different types. One particular type and the most common is the invasive ductal carcinoma or the infiltrating ductal carcinoma. This is cancer that invades the surrounding breast tissues as it breaks through walls of the milk duct. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is another type of cancer. This is non-invasive, meaning it does not spread to the surrounding breast tissues. Another type is the triple negative breast cancer. This happens when estrogen, progesterone, and HER-2, which fuel cancer growth, are not present in the tumor. This also means that hormone therapy and drugs are ineffective for this type, but chemotherapy may an effective option. Inflammatory breast cancer is a fast-growing type that caused to penetrate the skin and lymph vessels. For metastatic breast cancer, cancer basically spreads to other body parts including the lungs, bones, brain, or liver. This is also classified as Stage 4 breast cancer. The above m ention cancer types are the commonly seen cancer cases. However, there are other types which are not commonly seen such as the medullary carcinoma accounting for 3-5% of cancer types, tubular carcinoma making up about 2% of diagnosis, and mucinous carcinoma representing 1% or 2% of all cancer types (National Breast Cancer Foundation Inc., 2016). Symptoms Breast cancer is one of the cancer diseases which can be detected early by looking at its symptoms. Symptoms may include a lump or thickeningShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer : The Most Common Cancer934 Words   |  4 PagesCancer occurs as an result of mutations in the genes responsible for regulating the growth of cells and keeping them healthy. Normally, the cells in our bodies replace themselves , healthy new cells take over as old ones die out, but, over time, mutations can â€Å"turn on† certain genes and â€Å"turn off† others in a cell. That changed cell gains the ability to keep dividing without control or order, producing more cells like it and forming a tumor. Breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor that has developedRead MoreCancer And The Second Point1432 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of time cancer has had a major impact on the world, from your love ones or your self slowly dying from it. What is Cancer, where did it come from, how did we as humans get it? Who does it affect? Are there different types of cancer? Can I get cancer? These are just some questions that can go through a persons mind just thinking about cancer or seeing it in the media. The Definition of cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the bodyRead MoreIs Mammography A Type Of Radiologic Imaging Used For Early Detection And Diagnosis Of Breast Disease?1567 Words   |  7 Pagesand diagnosis of breast disease in women† (American Cancer Society). Patients receive doses of radiation that are much larger than that of a chest x-ray. It is rarely noted, that the act, in and of itself, may contribute to the development of malignant cells. Dr. Samuel Epstein, one of the top cancer experts, explains that the premenopausal breast is highly sensitive to radiation, each 1 rad exposure increases breast cancer risk by about 1 percent. He goes on to say that a single bilateral mammographyRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1758 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death among females in the world. It is known for â€Å"have both a genetic and non-genetic etiology† (Milne et al., 2010). It involves a combination of several factors- such as â€Å"genetic, environmental and behavioral risk factors†- that are unique to each individual (Nickels et al., 2013). This type of cancer is represented by a malignant tumor manifested in breast cells such as the line duct and line lobules cells, just to name a fewRead MoreBreast Cancer Develops From The Breast Tissue1216 Words   |  5 PagesBreast Cancer Breast cancer develops from the breast tissue. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast divide uncontrollably and form tumours. The tumours are either a lump or a thickening of body tissue. According to cancer research UK, in 2012, there was 50,750 new cases of breast cancer in women and 353 new cases of breast cancer in men, in the UK. There was also 11,716 deaths from breast cancer. (http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-tRead MoreIn The 21St Century, The Advancement In Medical Technology1143 Words   |  5 Pagesthe general public. With the rise in population genetic curiosity of ancestral DNA markers, the tests have also been available to discover probability for diseases that have been inherited or in the genetic code through DNA mutations. According to a study in 2010, DNA screening for breast cancer is one of the most widely tested for the disease in the U.S. (Gail and Mai, 2010:666). Other pop culture factors have increased the awareness of this type of DNA counseling. In 2013 actress Angelina JolieRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Disease1737 Words   |  7 PagesWyrick 1 Leah Wyrick Ms. Basinger AP Language and Composition 12 May 2017 Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a disease in which most commonly occurs in all women no matter their size, shape, race, or ethnicity. About one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer every year, a fatal disease if not discovered early. Early detection of breast cancer is key so that cancerous cells found in the breast do not spread through other parts of the body. On a positive note, however, significant advancesRead MoreBreast Cancer is All Over the World1298 Words   |  6 PagesBreast Cancer is all over the world. It doesn’t just affect older women, it affects young women and men. Breast Cancer is a cancerous tumor that has developed within the cells of the breast. The most ordinary area in the breast for breast cancer to develop is the ducts, and less ordinary in the lobules of the breast. The cancerous cells can intrude healthy breast tissue over time, or cells can break off from the tumor and travel to the lymph nodes and into the lymphatic system which could takeRead MoreRisks of Nursing Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of a lot of new diseases that have spread overtime. Although local hospitals and the government have been able to prevent the employees from getting ill; it is still likely to happen. Most people that decide to choose nursing as their major or profession assume that they will receive all positive benefits, but that assumed theory is not always the scenario. Many nurses do not initially realize that their career could possibly altar their health by: catching diseases, needle and syringe misuseRead MoreA Book Based On Experiences And Life Of Dr. Otis Brawley1398 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the National Cancer Institute. This book is based on many issues and facts that our medical system is facing now. He pulls back the curtain on how medicine is really practiced in America. This book shows us every aspect of the complicated triangle relationship between patients, disease and doctors. This book starts with a patient Edna Riggs who was carrying her detached breast in a bag waiting for doctors to get operated on; she was suffering from advanced stage of breast cancer which in turn resulted

Find Out Whos Talking About Ap Lang Essay Samples and Why You Should Be Worried

Find Out Who's Talking About Ap Lang Essay Samples and Why You Should Be Worried Thus don't compose the one which you think they would like to read write the one which you care most about. You need to read the example answers to have ideas about what are good forms of answers and what are bad varieties of answers. Tell whether there are anomalies and make sure to deal with the questions utilizing present tense. You have to explain why you interpret the evidence the way that you do. The only problem includes grammar problems like harmful rather than harm in the question at the start. The very first paragraph is going to be a type of road map for the remaining part of the essay. You shouldn't be bringing up any new data in your closing paragraph. Each ought to be guided by means of a topic sentence that's an appropriate portion of the introductory thesis statement. Is the subsequent five paragraph. What You Should Do to Find Out About Ap Lang Essay Samples Before You're Left Behind Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. High school students ought to be required to do community services. Inside my country, the majority of the students take an essay test for a portion of a university entrance exam. Fully being a happy high school student wouldn't be possible without my loved ones. Lies You've Been Told About Ap Lang Essay Samples Summary Hiring an inexpensive essay service may be a proper selection for students at one time crunch. It is possible to seek the services of the Best Essay Writing Service and receive an original customized essay written by a seasoned writer. You can readily locate essay writing services which may write for you at cheap prices. All essays will have a certain topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. When selecting high school essay format, step one is to recognize the kind of essay you will need to write. Begin to compose your essay today as you have much moment. In the English classroom, though, a text has traditionally been a sheet of literature. Naturally, you may use elongated essay samples, but you've got to understand main ru If you read the official guidelines about extended essay, it is crucial to take note of it as it's going to completely help you. As a result, if you discover a quote in a report or encyclopedia and care to utilize it in your paper, then properly cite it straight away. There's several essays completed by them. PaperCoach can assist you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! Reviewing essay examples will allow you to learn to compose a high-scoring essay. The body paragraphs are the center of the essay. The major portion of a quick essay is known as the body. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you may want to argue is a great start. It's important to get a rough outline of your essay before starting the writing process. Thus choosing an expert for doing your essays could be the most suitable option. It forces you to look over your examples before you get started writing, to see whether they help prove your thesis. Get familiar with the many bibliography writing methods.

Taxation Laws British Reaident in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Laws for British Reaident in Australia. Answer: Case study 1 Residence and Source: The learning under this case study provides an in depth overview regarding the residential status of an individual. The individual involved in this case is Fred who is a British resident has moved to Australia for a period of eleven month before returning to England. It is worth mentioning that Fred will be held liable for tax as he stayed in Australia for eleven months. Fred also earned an income before staying in France at the time of his employment in England will be taken into the account in the computation of taxable income for his stay in Australia (PATEL 2016). It is important to denote that at the time of assessment of residential status, which is matter of complex affair and is widely dependent on the individual personal state of affairs. In addition to this, an individual cannot exert pressure at the time of computation of residential status (Kirsch 2013). As stated by the Australian tax laws under the domicile test an individual who has lived for a period of 183 days will be held liable for a tax. Therefore, as per the case study Fred will be considered for tax since he has stayed in Australia for a period of 11 months (Chang 2016). A migrant in relation to the terms of visa living in Australia for 183 days is intermittently considered for taxation purpose. The learning has also reflected that Fred has purchased a land on lease for a period of 12 months and has also stayed in Australia with his wife before deciding to return to Australia on account of poor health (Kirsch 2013). As stated by the Australian agency of tax, an individual is pardoned on the condition when he proves the commissioner of tax agency that he or she does not have the plan of rolling himself or herself under the Australian residency. The income tax rulings in compliance with the domicile test gives an account of the country where a person is born before an individual decides to move to other country and choose his domicile as per the personal criteria. As the case study highlights that Fred is understood to be a British Resident and is looking forward to set up his trade in Australia (Woellner et al. 2016). The case study provides the truth of the residential status conducted on the assessor in order to consider the regularity period of the trips done by Fred. It should be noted that the learning did not provides an in depth information regarding his tenure of stay in Australia but it can be predicted that his stay will be longer than his previous stay (Deutsch 2014). The tenure of stay has been predicted to be longer since Fred has also brought up a house on lease. The residential status of Fred is considered based on his stay and he is liable to be taxed under the ITAA 97 for his business relations and family i n Australia. Case study 2 Ordinary Income I. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 The following case undertakes the problems regarding the realization of capital assets and either or not the profits generated from the sale of a particular property could be exploited as the sale of minerals was assessable under the heads of ordinary income or considered as capital. Law: The rulings concerning the laws provides the guidance in determining the weather revenue generated from Isolated transactions can be considered as incomes and therefore assessable under subsection 25 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Clark 2014). Under this ruling isolated transaction is defined as those transactions, which occurs outside the ordinary course of business. Arguments: Under this case, the taxpayer spends the majority of its income in the acquisition of copper-bearing land and he did not have any sufficient amount of capital left with him to start work on the land. The taxpayer had to sell off the land in consideration of shares and realized substantial amount of profit (Krever and Mellor 2016). The taxpayer also contended that he substituted one capital asset with another capital assets and he had not realized any profit, which would be considered for assessment. Decisions: The court ruled that the taxpayer was assessable for tax on the account of profit arising from the sale of land and it will be treated as income. It was evident that the original intentions of the taxpayer were to make profit from the sale of land. Therefore, the capital, which was available with the taxpayer, was never sufficient to start mining activities on land. It was ruled that the profit on sale of land was not a mere substitution of one investment for another but the selling of land is considered as trending transactions. II. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The case takes into the account the account the issues related to business proceeds and whether or not the subdivision and sale of land has been used by a mining organization will be considered as assessable income or it can be considered as a mere realization of capital asset. Law: Capital Gains Tax: According to Section 108-5 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 demonstrates that a capital gains assets is any sort of property or a legal right and any gain or capital loss may be derived if any CGT transactions happens to those assets. Arguments: The case states the taxpayer of the company executed the business of mining of 1771 acre of land near Newcastle, which it had purchased during late 1860s. The taxpayer continued its mining activities until 1924 and finally sold off the land when coal had been exhausted from that land. To attract heavy price the taxpayer incurred huge expenditure to subdivide the land by constructing roads, railways station (Boll 2014). Hence, the taxpayer derived huge amount of profit from sale of land and the commissioner assessed the taxpayer on the profit generated from such sales. The commissioner assessed that that taxpayer was assessable under Section 26 (a) either for profit arising from carrying on or carrying or profit from undertaking or Scheme. Decisions: The taxpayer argued he merely realized the capital in an advantageous manner and had not carried on a business that his profits were not assessable. He asserted that extensive work performed on the land was to fetch a best possible price. The court passed the decision that realization of assets was enterprising on the capital account (Tiley and Loutzenhiser 2012). The commonwealth law report shows that the outcome of the case took two long days. The decisions passed by the court stated the fact commercial exercise was treated as the mere realization of the capital asset. III. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR The above stated case takes into the considerations of issues related to business incomes in order to determine whether the subdivision and sale of land was of capital in nature. Law: The rulings under this case study offers guidance in assessing either the profits from Isolated transactions are treated as income and therefore, assessable under Section 25 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. Arguments: The taxpayer was considered as company, which was formed in the year 1954 by the group of fisherman. On 20 December 1967 three development companies subdivided the land and sold out the land along with this they purchased the shares of fisherman in the taxpayer shares of $1.6 million. The commissioner assessed the taxpayer for the profits derived from land and asserted that the taxpayer was assessable under section 25 (1) or under 26 (a) as profits arising from any business undertakings. Decisions: The taxpayer argued that its activities did not result in realization of capital and its profits are not assessable. As per Gibbs CJ, Mason, Murphy and Wilson JJ the taxpayer was assessable under section 25 (1) for the profits derived from the sale of land (Faccio and Xu 2015). The declared that the taxpayer activities consisted of carrying on a business of land development. The court ruled that the taxpayer was company and its objectives were to determine purpose of those controlling the business. The outcomes of this case states that the profits should be assessed as taxpayer assessable income in accordance with the general accounting principles. The profits will be calculated by subtracting the gross proceeds from the value of sale of land. IV. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 The above stated case raises the questions of net proceeds received from the sale of subdivided sale of land that can be assessable as income either under section 25 (1) or 26 (a) (Kania 2013). Law: Assessable income: It should be noted that sale of land which is originally acquired and used for farming and proceeds derived from carrying out the business activities represented the mere realization of capital assets. Arguments: The taxpayers were trustees of the estate of Charles Ademan who died in 1980 who had acquired a large farm in 1970 to raise his family and engage in some desultory farming. In the year 1976, the deceased decided to sell of the land to his brother in law and enter into the partnership with the intention of raising capital, which remained unfulfilled. The co-owners decided to subdivide the land and sell off the property. The subdivision of land was sold off through real estate and agents between 1980 and 1986 (Kania 2013). The commissioner considered the net proceeds as the sale of the subdivided land as the assessable income under section 25 (1) or 25 (a). Decisions: The taxpayer contented that the land was not used for business purpose and the deceased did not enter into any profit-making scheme. The taxpayer asserted that the land was merely realized and the net proceeds should not be treated for assessable income. The court ruled that the manner in which the subdivision of land took place which indicated that the taxpayers were not engaged in business or any profit making scheme (Faccio and Xu 2015.). The outcome of this case states that the degree of realization does not cover any business undertakings however, the scale of realization is a relevant matter which should be taken into the account in determining the nature of realization of such land. V. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 The above stated case study determines the sale of parts of property assessable under section 25 (1) or 25 A. Law: Assessable income: The law states that the sales of subdivided land originally acquired and utilized for farming activities. Revenue generated from carrying on a business represented a meager realization of capital assets. Arguments: The taxpayer originally acquired 988 acre of land to conduct the activities of farming and fencing based on Action view. However, his business could not grow due to drought, increasing debt and poor health. By 1970, it was evident that the taxpayer could not sustain interest on mortgage and had no alternative but to sell of portions of land from time to time to reduce his burden of debt. The commissioner assessed that the payer derived profit from the sale of subdivided block of land under Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. Decisions: The Federal court ruled that the subdivision and sale of parts of land was not assessable under the either Section 25 (1) or 25A. The federal court ruled that the Action View has been acquired by the taxpayer with the objective that no profit is assessable from the sale of land in compliance to the first limb of section 25A (1). Nor did the second Limb of the sub-section have any implication as because sales of land did not took place in the due course of business or from any profit undertakings. VI, Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The case study takes into the consideration that whether Section 25 (1) or 26 (a) in applied to assess the taxpayer income in regard to the value received by the taxpayer on subtracting the cost to generate profits which is generated from the sale of land. Law: The law provides the guidance in assessing whether the profits from Isolated Transactions are considered as assessable income under Section 25 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. The rulings does not consider the applicability of the section 25A regarding the capital gains and capital losses under Part IIIA or Division 6A of Part III (Woellner et al. 2016). Arguments: The taxpayer acquired the land with the two-folded objective of working and selling surplus and holding the land until it is appropriate to sell the land on profit. After several years, the land was sold off for $500,000 and the commissioner included the value for assessment by subtracting the cost of land and other expense (Clark 2014). The taxpayer argued that no part of land was assessable under section 25 (1) or 25 (a). The taxpayer argued that the decision in FC of T v The Myer Emporum Ltd did not have any implications. Decision: Sheppard, Wilcox and Lee JJ of federal court held that for the year 30 June 1980 both the section 25 (1) and 26 (a) is applied to consider the taxpayer income for assessment and the amount of $370,000 received by the taxpayer during the year is the profit arising from land (Hayes 2015). The court passed its verdict that the profit was considered as income to ordinary concepts and the decision in FC of T v The Emporium Ltd 87 ATC 4363 is considered as assessable income under section 25 (1). VII. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The case raises the question whether under Subsection 25 (1) or sec 26 (a) of the ITAA 1936 functions to include in the assessable income of the taxpayer profit derived from the sale of land near Hobart (Feld et al. 2016). Law: Assessable income: Sale of subdivided land acquired for farming and profits derived are assessable for realization of capital asset. Argument: Under the case the farmer had borrowed five blocks of land over a period of ten years and used for agricultural activities but it was eventually subdivided. After two years the taxpayer sold off the land for a net profit of 388,288. The taxpayer income was assessable for the profits derived by him, as he was carrying business for land development (Golosov et al. 2013). The intention of the taxpayer was to sell of the land as he was financially committed to pay his creditors. Decisions: The federal court held that the land taxpayer was assessable under the ITAA 1936 for profit derived by on execution of business activities of land development. It is evident that the court acknowledged that in the initial stages, the land was used for farming but the amount of debt compelled the taxpayer to sell of the land (Hayes 2015). The court also held that the transactions were of repetitive in nature, which had the characteristics of continuing business of land development. VIII. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The case raises the question of profit generated from the sale of land assessable under Section 25 (1). Law: Assessable income: The taxpayer is assessed under the Section 25 (1) of ITAA 1936 on the earnings generated from the sale of land. Arguments: The taxpayers were brothers in this case and used their funds along with bank loan to construct townhouse on the land. The taxpayers later sold off the land during December 1988 which resulted in net profit of $75,811 to each of the tax payers (Hayes 2015). The tax payers denied that they engaged in any profit making activities by arguing that the sold the units due to financial difficulties. Decisions: The court ruled that the taxpayers income was assessable under the section 25 (1) in the form of profit making scheme from commercial undertakings. The outcomes of the court stated that the venture was in the form of trading venture and derived the anticipated profits (Harding 2013). Therefore, the taxpayer entered into commercial venture and eventually engaged in the development of land. Reference List: Boll, K., 2014. Mapping tax compliance: Assemblages, distributed action and practices: A new way of doing tax research.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(4), pp.293-303. Burkhauser, R.V., Hahn, M.H. and Wilkins, R., 2015. Measuring top incomes using tax record data: A cautionary tale from Australia.The Journal of Economic Inequality,13(2), pp.181-205. Chang, J., 2016. Foreign resident CGT withholding.Taxation in Australia,50(11), p.664. Clark, J., 2014. Capital gains tax: historical trends and forecasting frameworks.Economic Round-up, (2), p.35. Deutsch, R.L., 2014. Australian Tax Handbook 2006. Faccio, M. and Xu, J., 2015. Taxes and capital structure.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,50(03), pp.277-300. Feld, L.P., Ruf, M., Schreiber, U., Todtenhaupt, M. and Voget, J., 2016. Taxing away MA: The effect of corporate capital gains taxes on acquisition activity.Available at SSRN. Golosov, M., Troshkin, M., Tsyvinski, A. and Weinzierl, M., 2013. Preference heterogeneity and optimal capital income taxation.Journal of Public Economics,97, pp.160-175. Gordon, R.H. and Kopczuk, W., 2014. The choice of the personal income tax base.Journal of Public Economics,118, pp.97-110. Harding, M., 2013. Taxation of Dividend, Interest, and Capital Gain Income. Hayes, D.J., 2015. Changes in Iowa's Capital Gains Tax.Iowa Ag Review,4(1), p.4. Kania, B., 2013. Capital Gains Tax. InSteuerstandort Grobritannien(pp. 128-156). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Keuschnigg, C. and Nielsen, S.B., 2014. Start-ups, venture capitalists, and the capital gains tax.Journal of Public Economics,88(5), pp.1011-1042. Kirsch, M.S., 2013. Revisiting the Tax treatment of citizens abroad: reconciling principle and practice. Krever, R. and Mellor, P., 2016. Australia, GAARsA Key Element of Tax Systems in the Post-BEPS Tax World.GAARsA Key Element of Tax Systems in the Post-BEPS Tax World (Amsterdam: IBFD, 2016), pp.45-64. Marian, O., 2013. Jurisdiction to Tax Corporations.BCL Rev.,54, p.1613. PATEL, D.J.I., 2016. Residential Status and Tax Incidence Under The Income Tax Act, FEMA and Companies Act.International Journal of Scientific Research,4(5). Tanzi, V., 2014. Inflation, indexation and interest income taxation.PSL Quarterly Review,29(116). Tiley, J. and Loutzenhiser, G., 2012.Revenue Law: Introduction to UK Tax Law; Income Tax; Capital Gains Tax; Inheritance Tax. Bloomsbury Publishing. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016.Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press.

Seattles Suburbs History. Essays - Century 21 Exposition

Seattle's Suburbs History. Preamble Learning about what has changed has made us realize more than ever how constant change is. The way we see things around us is not the way they always have been and more important, are only an intermediate stage to where ever they will be tomorrow. Talking to people who saw what has changed to get here allows us to see the direction we have come, and finally the direction we are going. Outlined in this paper are six different angles viewing different parts of the past that collectively help us to find that direction. World's Fair Three of the prime events that attracted people to Washington in the 20th Century were the World's Fairs. The first of Washington's World Fairs was the Alaskan-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in 1909, which was located on the 250 acre University of Washington campus. The fantastic buildings, most of which still stand today, were designed by the famous Olmstead Brothers' landscape and architecture firm for the $150 million project. Among the celebrities at the exposition were President Howard Taft and industrialist Henry Ford. The Alaskan-Yukon-Pacific exposition opened on June 1st and closed on October 15th . However, no A-Y-P structure was as prominent as the futuristic Seattle Space Needle of the Century 21 World's Fair in Seattle in the year 1962. This, along with the wondrous monorail and Pacific Science Center were all leftover from the great fair. Lasting for almost six months, the '62 Seattle World's Fair attracted approximately ten million visitors, and, as Jack Crawford put it, "It was one busy place." Among the exhibits were the various ethnic and state booths, the hydroelectric waterfall, and the great fountain made from plumbing parts, which has just recently been remodeled. All during the fair, various acts played in the Seattle Opera House. Inside the future exhibit was the famous Bubble-ator elevator, which now resides down in sunny Redondo, California as greenhouse. A lot of wonderful memories were produced at this illustrious event; Gene Duarte recalls, "I remember hearing East Indian music for the first time and falling down on the floor laughing. I was se! ven, and it was the funniest thing I had ever heard." As civic boosters had had hoped, it brought national attention to Seattle, and in spite of early problems, the 1962 Seattle World's Fair became a financial success. Twelve years later, Spokane held EXPO '74 for which the city tore down old buildings and cleaned up the pollution, the theme being the environment. 'Nam 'Nam. What most people seem to remember about the Vietnam War here in Seattle were the big protests. The protesters opposed military escalation and fought to bring the GI's home. Kathy Duarte-Wilson remarks, "People were very scared of being drafted. We wore POW bracelets in honor of those who went to war. They were almost a fad. Then there were the flower children," she laughs, "I remember wanting to be one when I grew up." Some GI's were pulled out of Vietnam when President Nixon's first troop reduction order was acted upon in July of 1969 at McChord Air Force Base. Two days later there was a combination military parade, welcome home celebration, plus antiwar protest filling the streets of Seattle. The antiwar campaign really heated up in the May of 1970. Days of protesting went on against the bombing of Cambodia and the killings of four student demonstrators by national guardsmen in Kent State University in Ohio and two killed by state police in Jackson State College in Mississippi. Ten thousand protesters blocked Interstate-5 in Seattle in a march from the University of Washington to the federal courthouse down town. Boeing Depression When asked about a time remembered for hardship and kindness, the Boeing depression is often the top of the list. When the Boeing company went through hardship the entire state felt the repercussions. When nearly ? of all the people in the region worked for Boeing, layoffs created vast unemployment causing a severe regional depression. "Last one out of Seattle, please turn out the lights" read the sign off the side of the highway, echoing much of the feelings of the region's population. The utter lack of jobs and opportunity lead to a large migration of people away from western Washington,

Urbanization As A Social Problem Essays - Human Geography

Urbanization As A Social Problem Essays - Human Geography Urbanization As A Social Problem Urbanization as a Social Problem How is urbanization negatively effecting our society? The answer to this question is not a simple one. This essay will not only break down the problems of urbanization in the United States, but it will also tell you some of the attempts made to fix the problem and give some solutions as to how it could possibly be solved in the future. Also when answering this question one must understand that urbanization, can not be stopped, but only contained in a manner that will help the United States to function better as a country. The more densely populated and more heterogeneous a community is, the more accentuated characteristics can be associated with urbanism. Urbanism causes decrease in per capita, and promotes urban violence, political instability, crime and aggressive behavior. Rapid population growth in urban areas also perpetuates poverty. Another major issue being created by this social problem is the breaking of the traditional family structure. Our cities are not working well! Sanitation, safety, transportation, housing, education and even electricity are failing. These are all responsibilities of the government or it is at least their job to regulate these services deemed to be monopolies. And it is a known fact that monopolies deem toward inefficiency. Functionalist look at our cities as a means to profit. Cities are a place where everybody visits, and therefor vendors can raise their prices and profit more on their products. For example, from my own personal experience, I bought a pack of cigarettes for $3.00 at my local gas station, and when I visited inner city Orlando, I bought the same brand of cigarettes for $4.00. This is just a minor example, and most of the residents in an urban area are in poverty and have trouble affording the $3.00 pack if they smoke much less adding a dollar to the already ridiculous cost. In the United States, the breaking of the traditional family structure is an issue that has become increasingly noticeable in recent years, particularly in urbanized areas. The traditional, mom and dad, and children are rarely seen in the inner cities any more. There is a weakened bond of kinship, and declining social family significance as America has transferred industrial, educational and recreational activities to specialized institutions outside of the home. It is depriving families of their most characteristic, historical functions. While individuals pursue their own diverging interests in their educational, vocational, religious and recreational life. With divorce rates rising, delinquency is also becoming more of a problem than before. With single parent families, children lack in the authority department due to the lack of the amount of time their parents have free to raise them. These specialized institutions often help, but can not replace the role of a childs guardian. As long as the divorce rate continues to increase, delinquency will continue to increase in these areas as well. The density of people reinforces effect of numbers in diversifying people and their activities and increasing the complexity of the social structure. The variations of people give rise to segregation of people by race, religious practices, ethnic heritage, as well as economic and social status. Segregation often creates much tension and prejudice between social groups. This can cause physical or mental damage to individuals or society, which means that sometimes people may permanently suffer before any action is taken to solve the problem because the delay in action is most often the result of people underestimating the problems. As for racism and segregation, there is not much that can be done to fix these problems. Individuals will always have their own opinions no matter how ignorant, and the only thing we can do is to hope that these problems die out as we desegregate our communities. People will choose their destination or place of residence according to many different ideals and needs, for example what fits their budget. Political pathology and population growth is closely related because of the population change and this change carries with it a high likelihood of social disruption. Government assumes major responsibility for development attempting to meet rapidly increasing demands for education, housing, agriculture and industrial development, transportation and employment. The governments budget is not distributed equally mainly due

What to Pack When Coming Home From College

What to Pack When Coming Home From College The major breaks in college- like Thanksgiving and Spring Break- can be lifesavers for all kinds of reasons. Besides the break from classes and the festivities that happen, these breaks provide a great opportunity to head home and recharge. But just what should you pack when coming home from college? With so much going on before you leave, it can be easy to not pay attention to what youre going to bring home over the break. Spending a few minutes now, however, to double-check the items on this list can save you many hours of inconvenience later. Laundry While doing your laundry in college isnt logistically complicated, it takes a lot of time- and money. Doing your laundry at home, of course, is an easy way to save some time, cash, and overall inconvenience. Dont forget to grab the things that especially need a good washing at this point in the semester, like your sheets, towels, and blankets. Anything You Need to Do Your Homework Sure, most of your research can be done online, but if you forget your reader for Politics 101 or your notes for Organic Chemistry, you can be up the creek. Given that youre heading home over the break with the hope of getting some rest and relaxation, the last thing you need is to stress over how to get your homework done without the things you need for the assignment(s). Take a few minutes to think through what youll need to do- and what items youll need to finish those projects. Your Laptop/Computer Sometimes, the things that seem the simplest are the easiest to forget. Make sure to pack your laptop/computer as well as its power cord. If youre going through the trouble of schlepping your computer home, itd be a waste not to be able to use it after the battery dies. A Jump Drive You may have things on a school server or be sharing documents with other students for a group project. Consequently, make sure to grab any jump drives you are using. That rough draft of your Shakespeare paper may be awesome but not if you accidentally leave it behind during break. Your Cell Phone and Charger You likely have your cell phone on you 24/7. Which, of course, is great- until you accidentally leave it at school. As you leave, do a quick check to make sure you have your cell phone (and its charger) with you. That last thing you want to worry about is not having a cell phone during your break or wondering where you left it. Seasonal Clothes to Swap at Home When you headed to campus this semester, you likely brought seasonal clothes (e.g., warm winter stuff or cool summer stuff). But Thanksgiving and Spring Break can mark a major change in the weather. Pack an extra bag of things you dont need until you go home again and then fill it with clothes back at home that you know youll need for the rest of the semester. A Nice Outfit If Youre Doing Interviews If your to-do list over the break includes doing interviews for seasonal or summer work, remember to pack that nice business outfit so that you wont be left scrambling (or worse, borrowing something from your parents) on interview day. Even if you think youll just be dropping off applications, looking professional when you do so still matters. Lastly, remember to pack important accessories, like shoes, jewelry, socks, and a nice jacket, that complete your interview outfit.

Governance of international football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Governance of international football - Essay Example To logically comprehend the gist of the topic, it is mandatory to understand the concept of governance, a word quite in vogue in the contemporary world. One of the reasons behind the adoption of governance through different fields like international relations, politics and sports is because of the space of authority and need of monitory force in every aspect of human life. Stated differently, no field in the scene of human existence is devoid of the need for controlling and managing forces. The concept of governance has gone through a constant phase of transition through the passage of time. Previously reckoned as the responsibility of a solitary authoritative body, governance today stands for a collaborative work of local authorities, public departments and voluntary organizations. This changing concept of governance is based on the notion of governance as a steering force which means that the responsibilities of governing bodies keep changing and the modern way of governing is by the delegation of responsibilities rather than the concentration of the duties in a single authoritative body. The second approach of governance that focuses governance as networks also opposes the concentration of power to a single entity and favours the positive relationships among organizations (Heacademy: 2007). Governance of Sports: Background: The emergence of governance concept in sports is followed by a number of factors. It was necessarily because of certain flaws witnessed in the governance of sports at different times that led to the attention drawn towards increasing importance of governance of international sports including football. Some of the noticeable flaws of governance in past include the continued confusion is coming up to any decision for the redevelopment of Wembley Stadium. Similarly, the world of football is not devoid of such shortcomings of governing bodies in the recent past as it is clear by the failed bid for the 2006 FIFA World Cup Finals (Heacademy: 2007, p.2) Introduction to Governance of Sports: Aart Kraay elucidates the concept of governance in different scenarios. If applied to the world of sports, governance means the set up by which the authority in any sport is exercised. The process involves the recruitment and monitoring of governing bodies, ability of the authority to implement the policies made for the concerned sport and the respect of members from different countries participating in the sport (2006, p.1). Since the world of sports is wide ranged, different organizational bodies assigned to different sports are designed to govern a specific sport or group of sports. FIFA and UEFA: Since the topic delves into the workings of FIFA and UEFA in terms of governance, it is essential to build a basic

Product Formulation Portfolio; Evaluation pro-forma 5 (PFPE5) Essay

Product Formulation Portfolio; Evaluation pro-forma 5 (PFPE5) - Essay Example is critically important because Acetyl Chloride is a poisonous chemical and the amount used in the preparation of Aspirin should not exceed the maximum concentration allowed in human consumption products (3). On the other hand, the amount of Acetyl Chloride used is sufficient enough to make salicylic acid the limiting agent (1). For instance, since the reaction is reversible, the presence of excess Acetyl Chloride will force the equilibrium towards the production of the desired end product (Aspirin). The 5 drops of pyridine used are sufficient to neutralize the resulting hydrochloric acid without making the solution basic while at the same time acting as a catalyst for the reaction(4). This is because Pyridine is a base catalyst that plays the dual role of being a catalyst and a neutralizing agent at the same time. Additionally, the use of many drops of pyridine justified because pyridine as a base catalysts is less reactive than most acid catalysts such as 85% Phosphoric acid and, therefore, a greater volume of the ingredient may be required for the reaction to be effectively catalysed. Both the two methods involve acetylation salicylic acid to produce aspirin (acetylsalicylic Acid). However, despite the remarkable similarities between the process of making aspirin using the new formula and the mechanism used in the old formula, the main difference between the two distinct processes is that the leaving group in the new process is a chloride ion as opposed to the acetate ion in the old process. On the other hand, the by-product of the overall process is hydrochloric acid while the old process produces acetic acid as a by product

GS1140 Assignment 1 Essay Example for Free

GS1140 Assignment 1 Essay The problem that I have chosen to write about is very personal to me. The problem I had was that I was not making enough money to survive on a monthly basis. I had a choice to either look for a job that paid better or go back to school. I began looking for another job but with my lack of a degree, I still wouldn’t be making enough to really have the life I want. I began thinking about school, but I needed to decide what I wanted to do with my life. I had spent my entire adult life as a wife and a mother and didn’t worry or think about a career or furthering my education. With my children all grown and on their own, and recently becoming single it was time to make a decision about furthering my education. I decided if I was going to pursue a degree there were four very important items that I needed to look consider: What to get the degree in; Where to go to get the degree; How much it would cost me; And how long it would take. I began considering the things I enjoyed doing and whether or not I could make a career out of any of them. I have been an Administrative Assistant/Bookkeeper for about 12 years and it seemed the logical choice to get my degree in Accounting or Business but it wasn’t of very much interest to me. I began talking to people who really enjoyed their jobs how they knew what it was they wanted to do in their chosen career. â€Å"Do what makes you happy.† Was the first thing my mother told me and my dad said, â€Å"If you have a job you enjoy, you will never have to work a day in your life.† I have always enjoyed working on computers, trying to figure out how to do different things. When my computer would act up, I would try to fix it myself before I would have someone else try to fix it. It interested me and so I began looking at different degrees available in the computer or IT field. I decided that this is where I want to pursue my degree. I started looking into different schools in my area and what was available for a degree in Information Technology. There were several classes available at several local community colleges. I began to look into the different classes I would need to take but was extremely confused about all the different  pre-requisites and classes open. I had decided I was going to go and talk to a counselor at one of the community colleges when someone mentioned ITT Technical Institute to me. After looking online at the website, I concluded that this would be my first stop of my journey to a higher education. I called and made an appointment to talk to someone and go over my different options. Since my finances were such that I was barely making it now, the cost of school was a very big factor to me. I couldn’t afford to pay up front for school. I wasn’t sure about any programs available to me to assist with the financial aspect of my pursuit to further my education. The lady in the finance department at ITT Tech was very helpful in answering my questions about financial aid and the different scholarships and grants available. I found that I can receive a scholarship through the school that will cut down my tuition cost and with financial aid the balance will not be due until after I finish my schooling. This was a huge relief for me to not have to come up with the money upfront. School was really looking like a definite possibility to me at this point. The last question I needed answered was how long would it take for me to finish my education. The program at ITT Tech was set up in a way that I would be able to obtain my Associates of Science degree in as little as 21 months. Unlike a regular community college, I would not have to worry about the different pre-requisites and whether or not I would be able to find an open class. They addressed all my questions and concerns, set up the classes as I needed them, and provided the necessary books and reference material. Working full time, I didn’t want to have to worry about which class I needed to take first and in which order to take them. I really liked this approach and it was one of the deciding factors for me to enroll. In conclusion, I saw a problem that needed to be fixed in my life and am on my way to remedying that challenge. I researched all my options on how to fix the problem. I asked necessary questions and set my game plan in motion and am taking the necessary steps to further my education, better myself, as well as set an example for my children and others that it’s never too late to go back to school and learn something you love.

Community And Social Structure :: essays research papers fc

Community and Social Structure AssignmentIII The idea of people being social in nature can be clearly illustrated by the groups, or communities that one sees all around them. Groups of individuals share a common perspective of what reality consists of, this is known as culture(Charon, 1997). This reality is perceived through our interactions with others in the group and by what our position is within that group(Charon, 1997). The way in which we see the world is in a sense limited by both our position and our interactions. In order to actually fill your position in the group you need to have a working set of ideas and concepts to get the job done(Charon, 1997). This working set of ideas is actually formed by the interactions that you have with other people who have the same position as you. It works for everyone else, and therefore you can t just randomly choose another set of concepts and ideas andexpect them to work, so you choose the ideas, concepts, and means that your peers use(Charon, 1997). For instance, if you are a Chemist, you obtain knowledge and perspectives consistent of your environment, i.e. chemistry, you would not learn a great deal about molecular biology because those concepts and ideas are not useful to you. We don t have a complete picture of everything around usbecause we perceive only the things which fit into our social structure(Charon, 1997). Reality is not a Velcro Nerf dart toss of facts and ideas, but rather a magnetic selection of those facts and ideas which are conducive to our pre-constructed structure. To one man power and riches are the greatest thing to achieve, but to a bum The oiliest thing is to have a warm placeto sleep (Coleman,1982:207). It s unfortunate that these conceptscan be utilized by a dictator to gain control and power for his own ideas and concepts. Hitler was just such a man, he used a social construct known as patriotism, that is, sense of pride and connection with everyone within a society. Hitler rallied people by the droves claiming eco nomic bloom, and prosperity for all if they submit to the organization, and promised death to any that were not within that organization. He kept them thinking the same thoughts, holding the same beliefs, and striving towards a common cause, and six million Jewish people gave their lives up for not being part of his concept of community.

Multicultural backgrounds Essay

Both of these poets John Agard and Sujata Bhatt write poems about their multicultural backgrounds. In John Agard’s poem â€Å"half-caste† he starts off with Standard English. But as he goes on through out the poem he uses Caribbean dialect. His poem is about his feelings towards being multicultural. He feels angry, sad and is questioning his audience. In Sujata Bhatt’s poem â€Å"search for my tongue† she has many feelings about her mother tongue and how she doesn’t want to lose her first language. She is feeling sad because she thinks she is loosing her mother tongue but it comes back in her dream and she feels happy again. John Agard was born in Guyana but moved to England in 1977 so he has lived in England for 30 years. John Agard finds the term â€Å"half-caste† insulting and wants people to know how he feels about being mixed raced. Sujata Bhatt is like John Agard because she was born in India but moved when she was young. Sujata Bhatt moved to the United States. This is where she learned her English. She married a person from Germany, where she later then moved to. She wrote this poem â€Å"search for my tongue† because she was afraid of loosing her mother tongue Gujarati. In â€Å"half-caste† John Agard demonstrates a lot of emotions. He is angry in his poem he says â€Å"ah rass† this is a term of discust. John Agard is being ironic when he says â€Å"I offer you half a hand† you would expect him to offer you a whole hand. How can you offer half a hand? John Agard is also trying to be humours, when he refers to things as half. Like the English weather â€Å"yu mean when light on shadow mix in de sky is a half-case weather† John Agard is trying to put across that the English sky is never one colour it’s a mixture of colours like blue, white, grey. This links in with his multicoloured background because they are different colours just like he is. Sujata Bhatt also uses a lot of emotions in her poem. Sujata Bhatt feels sad when she says â€Å"If you had two tongues in your mouth, and lost the first one, the mother tongue† she feels like she didn’t get to know her mother tongue and feels sad that she don’t know her first language. Sujata Bhatt thinks that her mother tongue would not come back to her in the first part of the poem. So the first two stanzas of her poem are about her sadness. However when she realises her mother tongue is back she feels happy â€Å"it grows back, a stomp of a shoot† she is feeling pleased that she can remember Gujarati again. Sujata Bhatt felt that she had lost her mother tongue forever but when she realised that it came back she was relieved that she still knows Gujarati. No one would want to there mother tongue. The tone in John Agard’s poem â€Å"half-caste† is said in an angry tone. John Agard is warning those people who call him half-caste, as John Agard finds the word â€Å"half-caste† offensive. John Agard says â€Å"explain yuself wha yu mean† it’s as if someone as called John Agard half-caste and he wants to know the reason why they have called him half-caste. John Agard is thinking that being half-caste doesn’t mean he should be called something different. Through out the poem John Agard’s tone does change. He starts being perplexed. He has given the audience reasons in which being half-caste is such a beautiful thing. Like Picasso’s paintings â€Å"when yu say half-caste yu mean Picasso† Picasso’s paintings are colourful and bright. In Sujata Bhatt’s poem â€Å"search for my tongue† her tone is sad. As he thinks her mother tongue has gone. Through a long period of time her tone is sadness. However after the Gujarati Sujata Bhatt’s tone changes. Her tone becomes happier as her mother tongue comes back to life â€Å"the bud opens, the bud opens in my mouth† her tone becomes a happier. This style of tone carries on. Sujata Bhatt’s tone changes just like John Agard’s tone. They both start off in a sad way but as the poem progresses the tone changes to a more happier tone.

Sketches by Boz – Charles Dickens

Sketches by Boz â€Å"The Streets – Morning† The Victorian London streets is a familiar setting of Dicken's works with â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"A Christmas Carol† being some his most memorable works. In this passage Dickens offers the reader an alternative London, one without the energetic crowds but instead a much more disquieting place where the streets are dull and lifeless. We are met with a silent neighbourhood before the sun has risen and through the use of characters, setting and comparisons the reader receives a rich picture of the sunless streets.The passage begins with the introduction of the Victorian London scene on a summer morning. The reader is taken by surprise by the opening sentence where â€Å"The streets of London on a summer's morning† are described to be â€Å"most striking†. Dickens' interesting choice of words places the pre-dawn London scene in the summer, a time of warmth and sun, however we are offered a ninete enth century London that is typically portrayed with a bleak, grey backdrop.Few people roam this neighbourhood apart from those â€Å"whose unfortunate pursuits of pleasure, or scarcely less unfortunate pursuits of business, cause them to be well acquainted with the scene. † This leads to the belief that each summer's morning starts off like this, colourless and melancholy; the people who happen to be awake at this dreary hour are the rogues who remain. Each just as depressed as the other, and both's search for something more than the blind acceptance of a morose existence the cause of their endurance of this sad atmosphere.It is quiet with â€Å"an air of cold solitary, desolation about the noiseless streets† and the buildings are â€Å"quiet† and â€Å"closely-shut†. It is empty and through the buildings it is shown how lifeless the location is with everything closed off from the outside world, preventing any chance of exposure to the dismal air. Throug hout the day the roads are â€Å"swarming with life and bustle† the comparison of their appearance early in the morning is â€Å"very impressive†.The impression that they leave is one of sadness, something that one who has observed the area at each time will remember due to the vast differences. Dickens shows that this time of day is for the most unruly of people with the impoverished clearing out of the neighbourhood and â€Å"the more sober and orderly part of the population† not yet awakened. Emphasis is put on how miserable the roads are at predawn to the point they are practically uninhabitable, except by those with nowhere else to go.Dickens draws attention to the places where there would typically be masses of people; â€Å"The coach-stands in the larger thoroughfares are deserted; the night-houses are closed; and the chosen promenades of profligate misery are empty. † This creates an image of ghostlike platforms and buildings, usually brimming wit h life and movement during the day, now empty with even the degenerates tucked away. Despite the forbidding, dead mood that permeates throughout the area, the weather is still warm and humid; â€Å"a partially opened bedroom-window here and there, bespeaks the heat of the weather†.Through the hot weather, the atmosphere becomes tense and heavy, and with this tension there is â€Å"sickness† and the â€Å"uneasy† which contributes a feeling of claustrophobia to the passage, making the reader feel the discomfort of the scene. The Victorian London presented to the reader by Dickens is a grim and deserted place where few dare to walk the streets. The rich description of the scene places great emphasis on the lack on habitation and the grey city, and the depression within it before the sun rises.Dickens' use of language in this piece is memorable for his emphasis on several words and phrases, his literary techniques convey the dreariness of the passage and the street scene. The oxymoron of the words â€Å"unfortunate† and â€Å"pleasure† indicates the futility of trying to find happiness on a predawn London street through with the pursuit of pleasure still unpromising. Tautology places extra stress on words with the same meaning such as â€Å"cold, solitary, desolation† conveying to the reader the lonely frigidity of this area of London before sunrise.The awkward juxtaposition at the end of the first paragraph signifies the unease of one in the streets; â€Å"and over the quiet, closely-shut buildings, which throughout the day are swarming with life and bustle, that is very impressive†. With the unusual order of words the reader feels the discomfort that is present in the neighbourhood at this unpleasant time. A play on words with the drunken man who â€Å"staggers heavily along† with â€Å"the burden of the drinking song. † This can translate to the heavy burden of being drunk and having to find one's way home in such state. Dickens' clever phraseology is highly ffective, managing to send the message to the reader with out being too overt, allowing for the text to flow. Alliteration is ever present in the narrative with â€Å"the drunken, the dissipated and the wretched have disappeared† serving as a notable example. The harsh â€Å"D† sounds gives way to the austerity of the streets and slows down the reading of the sentence. Through the placement of â€Å"wretched† in between â€Å"drunken†, â€Å"dissipated† and â€Å"disappeared† focus falls on wretched, thus becoming the strongest word in the sentence to describe the usual patrons within this neighbourhood.Sibilance in the sentence â€Å"the stillness of death is over the streets† evokes the sensation of the silence in the London scene, with the central word â€Å"death† giving it an air of eeriness. The overall colour of the passage is sunless. It begins at predawn bef ore the sun has risen, creating imagery of darkness and changes very little as it progresses eventually leading to the â€Å"grey, sombre light of daybreak† and death is gives it's shade to the streets with â€Å"it's very hue† imparted to them.The colourlessness of the extract links back to the mood of the time, and it's solemn tone with the typical image of nineteenth century London easily visualised. Dickens' style and techniques build up the depression and add discomfort through repetition and the use of sounds and sentence structures, these subtle additions manage to express the solitude on this particular London summer's morning. Recurring themes of loneliness, poverty and vapidity carry the tone of this piece, through these Dickens' communicates the melancholy and dejection faced an hour before sunrise.The loneliness of the streets is continuously referred to with mention of it's situation during the day where it is â€Å"thronged at other times by a busy, eage r, crowd†. By contrasting alternative times Dickens shows the differences between dawn and the day, this relates back to the torpor felt before the sun has risen. When introducing the drunk and the homeless man, they are referred to as â€Å"the last†. The finality of the statement shows that these men are the final remnants of life on the street and when they retire to their hollows then there shall be nothing left but the cold misery.Destitution is conveyed through the â€Å"drunken man† and the â€Å"houseless vagrant†; one who's sorrows has made him look for pleasure in â€Å"the drinking song† and the other whom â€Å"penury and police have left in the streets†. The consonance in â€Å"penury and police† uses the sharp â€Å"P† to place significance on the two things that the beggar would fear the most. There is a pang of sympathy felt for him having to coil â€Å"up his chilly limbs in some paved corner, to dream of food and warmth† and one pities him even more to be left in the dreadful neighbourhood only finding peace when the sun is about to rise.However it further adds to the scene as he has become a part of it. Pre-dawn's remaining occupants are compared with the â€Å"more sober and orderly part of the population† confirming that they are on the lower end of the population, unfit to be seen by the light of day. A lack of life is evident in the location that Dickens illustrates. The â€Å"occasional policeman† is the last man standing, yet he is â€Å"listlessly gazing on the deserted prospect before him† unable to muster up energy to do his duty as he has been so swamped by depression, with no expectations for the rest of the day. A rakish-looking cat runs stealthily across the road†, changing the setting adding a brief flash of excitement. The cat is lively and cunning, he has retained his sense even in this dismal place. When compared with the lethargic polic e man and the uncoordinated drunk his wile is impressive and full of life amongst the somber scene. â€Å"The houses of habitation† present â€Å"no signs of life† another contradiction with even the place where people are living are inanimate.All is silent on this sad poverty stricken street and Dickens makes use of these features to bring out the crippling depression. â€Å"The Streets – Morning† by Charles Dickens presents us with a bleak London scene before dawn overwhelmed with wretchedness and misery. The cold tone and bleak setting described provides the reader with the image of an unhappy place void of any hope for it's inhabitants. Through comparisons and contrast of the lively crowd of the day and the grave souls before the sunrise the reader feels the melancholy of the Victorian street. Ilyana Bell

buy custom Making Literary Matter essay

buy custom Making Literary Matter essay Literature can be defined as mans investigation of man by synthetic light, which is superior to natural light for the reason that we can direct it where we want. Through literature, a student learns to scrutinize thoughts and events empathetically. Once a reader is able to make out with the character and his crisis in a story and view life from the characters perspective, he or she begins to share the writers point of view and thus begins to read with positive reception. By reading this way, the reader responds expressively and academically. This enlightens, humanizes, and sensitizes the reader. By reading and analyzing the selection of stories, poems, plays, and novels, the understanding of ideas and attitudes about literature changes. By analyzing, the reader gets to know the explanation of a literature work. This analysis shows how the possessions of literature are used to generate the meaningfulness of the wording. The reader gets a deeper understanding of an effusive appreciation of the literature. After reading and analyzing a work of literature, the reader becomes aware of the enriching delineations of a written work and its underlying ideological aspects. The art work used in literature is to be found historically, socially, and rationally. The works ar printed and comprehended at scrupulous time, with exacting intents, under meticulous remarkable circumstances. We also see ideas in operation through art. This can be useful to us when it comes to understanding our own customs and moments in time. Through close reading and through deep manifestation we get an understanding of feelings, in a manner in which they are talked about in our culture or in other epochs and cultures. This gives us a good judgment of both of communities meanings as well as diverse kinds of perception that can be in relation to matters of significance in the human life. We get to access the figurative words of communities, their ideas about life, and their feelings concerning them. Peoples imaginations are well depicted in the way they relate them to different aspects of their lives. Fiction in the literature is generally a representation of reality in some way. Any literature work is always presented through the symbols and codes of individual meanings and communication systems. Most of the narratives are very substantial and hold closely to occasion and situation, thus representing daily proceedings. Moral and spiritual aspects may also be represented through cryptogram; characters used characteristically, implausible events, and other devices. This can escort to a more percceptive and powerful use of the tools of the meaning on the readers part. Literature describes reality and adds to it. When an individual is exposed to good literary works, he or she is provided with the most excellent education opportunities. Exposing the reader to technical writings such as those on logistics and mathematics provides him with technical know-how which spices human life. Classical literature work serves as a food for accepted wisdom and a stimulant for mind's eye and inventiveness. Conclusion Literatures thus serve as a massive source of information. Famous scientists and outstanding scientists often recount stories of their revolutionary discoveries and inferences. The continuing developments in the fields of science and technology are documented for the world to access them with ease and know about them. These documents have constantly served as a bona fide source of information from all around the world. This can be of great help to the reader as he gets to understand the dynamics of the world. As a result of reading a well-written literature, a reader can learn how to compose a good story, up-to-the-minute vocabularies, and even get exposure to acceptable spelling and punctuation. This provides more routine benefits to the reader. Buy custom Making Literary Matter essay

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa - President of Zambia 2002-2008

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa - President of Zambia 2002-2008 Born: 3 September 1948 - Mufulira, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)Died: 19 August 2008 - Paris, France Early LifeLevy Patrick Mwanawasa was born in Mufulira, in Zambias Copperbelt region, part of the small ethnic group, the Lenje. He was educated at Chilwa Secondary School, in Ndola district, and went to read law at University of Zambia (Lusaka) in 1970. He graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree in 1973. Mwanawasa started his career as an assistant in law firm in Ndola in 1974, he qualified for the bar in 1975, and formed his own law company, Mwanawasa and Co., in 1978. In 1982 he was appointed Vice-chairman of Law Association of Zambia and between 1985 and 86 was the Zambian Solicitor-General. In 1989 he successfully defended former vice-president Lieutenant General Christon Tembo and others charged with plotting a coup against then president Kenneth Kaunda. Start of a Political CareerWhen Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda (United National Independence Party, UNIP) approved creation of opposition parties in December 1990, Levey Mwanawasa joined the newly created Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) under the leadership of Fredrick Chiluba. Presidential elections in October 1991 were won by Frederick Chiluba who took office (as Zambias second president) on 2 November 1991. Mwanawasa became a member of National Assembly for Ndola constituency and was appointed vice president and leader of the Assembly by President Chiluba. Mwanawasa was seriously injured in a car accident in South Africa in December 1991 (his aide died at the site) and was hospitalized for an extended period. He developed a speech impediment as a result. Disillusioned with Chilubas GovernmentIn 1994 Mwanawasa resigned as vice president claming the post was increasingly irrelevant (because he was repeatedly sidelined by chiluba) and that his integrity had been put in doubt after an argument with Micheal Sata, minister without portfolio (effectively the cabinet enforcer) in the MMD government. Sata would later challenge Mwanawasa for the presidency. Mwanawasa publicly accused Chilubas government of endemic corruption and economic irresponsibility, and left to devot his time to his old legal practice. In 1996 Levy Mwanawasa stood against Chiluba for the leadership of the MMD but was comprehensively defeated. But his political aspirations were not finished. When Chilubas attempt to change Zambias constitution to allow hi a third term in office failed, Mwanawasa moved to the forefront once again - he was adopted by the MMDs as their candidate for president. President MwanawasaMwanawasa achieved only a narrow victory in the December 2001 election, although his poll result of 28.69% votes cast was sufficient to win him the presidency on a first-past-the-post system. His nearest rival, out of ten other candidates, Anderson Mazoka received 26.76%. Election result was challenged by his opponents (especially by Mazokas party who claimed they had in fact won). Mwanawasa was sworn into office on 2 January 2002. Mwanawasa and the MMD lacked an overall majority in the National Assembly - due to voter distrust of a party Chiluba had brought into disrepute, from Chilubas attempt to hold on to power, and because Mwanawasa was seen as a Chiluba puppet (Chiluba retained the post of MMD party president). But Mwanawasa moved quickly to distance himself from Chiluba, starting an intensive campaign against the corruption which had plagued the MMD. (Mwanawasa also abolished the Ministry of Defense and took over the portfolio personally, retiring 10 senior military officers in the process.) Chiluba gave up presidency of the MMD in March 2002, and under Mwanawasas guidance the National Assembly voted to remove the former presidents immunity to prosecution (he was arrested in February 2003). Mwanawasa defeated a similar attempt to impeach him in August 2003. Ill HealthConcerns over Mwanawasas health arose after he suffered a stroke in April 2006, but he recovered enough to stand once again in presidential elections winning with 43% of the vote. His nearest competitor, Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front (PF) received 29% of the vote. Sata typically claimed voting irregularities. Mwanawasa suffered an second stroke in October 2006. On 29 June 2008, hours before the start of an African Union summit, Mwanawasa had a third stroke reportedly much more severe than the previous two. He was flown to France for treatment. Rumors of his death soon circulated, but were dismissed by the government. Rupiah Banda (member of the United National Independence Pary, UNIP), who had been vice-president during Mwanawasas second term, became acting president on 29 June 2008. On 19 August 2008, in hospital in Paris, Levy Patrick Mwanawasa died of complications due to his earlier stroke. He will be remembered as a political reformist, who secured debt relief and led Zambia through a period of economic growth (partly bolstered by the international rise in the price of copper).

Nternational Business Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nternational Business Finance - Assignment Example This can be done through preparation of the net previous and cash flow which are used in the estimation of the capital cost that is best estimated by the WACC method (Weighted Average Cost of Capital). This can be determined as indicated below: Debt cost is stated in our case and is given as 6%, and the Equity coast is taken as 10%. The shareholders have an option of either using the equity for financing or debt financing depending on their appropriateness. The debt ratio: Equity ratio is taken as 0.6:04 as given in our case. This means that 60% is used to raise funds from the public through IPO and 40% from debt-financing. The financial leverage of the company is 60%. We, therefore, need to calculate the WACC that is given as indicated below. We get the WACC as 0.1128 or 11.28% given from the above calculation. After computation of the capital cost the statement of cash flow statement. The flow for the year 0 and year 1 is taken as -â‚ ¬ 1,200,000.00 and -â‚ ¬ 800,000.00 respectively as it is mentioned that the flow in the form of investment .A percentage of 15.00% has raised this cash flow annually. The business cost of operating will be deducted from the inflow of cash. There is no requirement for deduction of the operating expenses from the inflow of cash. Additionally the incurred depreciation is adjusted. Operating expenses will increase by a rate of 2.5%, and the inflation of 2.5% is also considered It is crucial to note that the sterling pound is used in conversion to the Euros. This is purposeful for calculation of the net cash flows for the period. The spot rate which is given as  £0.7320/â‚ ¬ has been considered for conversion. It is assumed that the rate of conversion for the time remains unchanged over the studied period, which is four years. This corporation has a vast capitalization of the market with at least 2.5 B Euros and sales turnover of 60 M Euros annually globally and gains over the last 5 considered

Symbolism in Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of the Red Death Essay

Symbolism in Edgar Allan Poe's The Masque of the Red Death - Essay Example Some people would stop reading a cruel story if the writer does not cover his story using symbolic language. In this essay, I intend to illustrate various instances of symbolism portrayed in Allan’s â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†. A reader of Poe story would ponder about the symbolic language from the time that he or she reads the title of the story. â€Å"The Masque of Red Death†, this title illustrate that Poe has used color to symbolize events in his story. In addition, the name used in the title has a symbolic meaning to reader. Since this is the title of the story and the reader is yet to explore the content of the story. He or she will develop great interest in the story in order to know the deeper meaning of the story and the symbols used by the writer of the story. Poe’s story has three distinct instances in which applications of symbolism appear. The main occurrences are name, number, and color. Poe used color to symbolize emotions, attitude, or feelings of the occurrences in the story. For example, in the story the writer talks of black chamber, which symbolizes death. The writer mentions six other chambers which he gives various colors to illustrate various meaning to the story. ... The red color frightened many characters in the story. The characters tried their best to keep off from the red color because they felt they would bleed to death. It is also important to note that Poe symbolism of color illustrated different moods and meaning to the story. Prince, the chief character in Poe’s story ran through the six chambers at different instances. Notably, each of the six chambers had different colors. This illustrated different moods, which the prince acquired in the story. Human emotions in the story appear to the reader using color. When the prince entered each room, he changed his emotions. It is arguable that in the story, Poe successfully used color to illustrate various stages in life. Red color portrayed a terminal disease, which would eventually lead to the death of the prince as illustrated in the black room. Characters in the story feared red color because they knew it represented a terminal illness that would wipe them from earth. Poe uses numbe r in the story to influence the emotions of the reader. Seven appears as a holy number associated with wonders of the world. Determination of evil in the story is clear as it struggles to destroy the holy number. Probably, the plague of red death occurred in the seventh chamber. In the story, characters are vigilant when it comes to observations of numbers because they knew that each number had a symbolic meaning. As the clock tickled, the characters in the story observed the number that the clock pointed. A change of emotions is evident in their faces in each number that the clock points. At 12 midnight, sad mood engulf the room because red death occurred at this hour. Evidently, life would be good for the characters, as long as the clock hand does not

Implementations of Emission Reduction Strategies as Political Research Paper - 4

Implementations of Emission Reduction Strategies as Political Decisions - Research Paper Example 7-18 December 2009 were the dates when world leaders gathered in Copenhagen to discuss the problems of climate change. The Climate Summit was the fifteenth conference of the global governments and resulted in the announcement of the Copenhagen Accord. This agreement was meant to be reached by the US and a block of BASIC – large developing – countries (China, India, South Africa, and Brazil) in regards to the measures world countries should take in order to reduce human impact on the environment and Earth atmosphere in particular. Though the Accord was outlining the major objectives of the counties cooperation with the purpose of fighting climate change, the paper did not even set any emission reduction targets. There was no information indicating a measurable way of determining each country’s impact on the prevention of temperature rise and no peaking emissions target year. Furthermore, the agreement did not even have any legally bounding force and the only resul ts the Climate Summit had was that the representatives of world countries approved taking note of the Copenhagen Accord. Many countries were opposing the methods and objectives the Accord presented (Buxton 2010) so, as a result, the US did not force the participating countries to officially accept the Accord for fulfillment. Though the document acknowledges the fact that temperature rise should be kept below 2 degrees Celsius with the help of emissions reduction, not specific goals were set for the countries to comply with the objective. Another point was that developing countries that are influenced by climate change most of all were to receive financial aid from developed countries in the period of 2010-2012 for adapting to the climate change (United Nations 2009, 3). The Accord also encourages the practice of paying developing countries for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (Vidal, Stratton, and Goldenberg 2009). It should also be noted that previously develop ed proposals that called the countries for limiting temperature rises to 1.5 degrees Celsius and reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 80% by 2050 were abandoned. In addition, the interesting fact is that the United States, who refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, was the major contributor to and strongest supporter of the Copenhagen Accord. The country’s motive for objecting to signing documents like the Kyoto Protocol, the purpose of which is the worldwide reduction of greenhouse gas emission, is, most likely economic. The USA is one of the largest environment polluters in the world because of the high level of economic development and great volumes of industrial production (Droge and Kemfert 2005, 246). The signing of such an agreement force the US companies to either invest in the development of environmentally friendly technologies or reduce the levels of production. Either option leads to a decrease in companies’ profit and, consequently, a decrease in the government’s tax income. Fighting the Climate Change: Trade Policies, In any case, the outcomes of the Climate Summit can, according to Droge and Kemfert (2005, 235) be explained by the fact that climate change policies are rather political decisions that have a very strong relation to international trade policy and business operations. A study conducted by Droge and Kemfert (2005, 235) is focused on the trade policies related to climate.

African Insurgency Groups: Causes and Responses

African Insurgency Groups: Causes and Responses Daniel Silberstein In response to a spate of violent attacks from the Kenyan capital to the coast President Uhuru Kenyatta has decreed that they â€Å"will not flinch in war against terrorists†, specifically against the Al-Shabaab militant group headquartered in Somalia. His publicly declared position of a robust, aggressive, and continued response against what he refers to as an, â€Å"extremist caliphate† intent on asserting dominance in the region, is certain to be met with both solidarity and criticism amongst Kenyans, Africans, and the global community. Nigeria, home to Africa’s largest economy (according to an April BBC report) also finds itself on the brink of a larger conflict. Flanked by militant insurgency, attributed mostly to the Boko Haram, in the north and the new capital of piracy on its southern shores. The reverberations of these conflicts are uncertain. But, in order to foresee, and perhaps assuage, the consequences of this campaign, and to limit the devastation w e are likely to witness, it is paramount that international interventions adapt and correlations be drawn between this rising contention and contemporary conflicts that define modern warfare. Firstly, this should not be perceived as merely a symptom of the popularized narrative of another African affliction. This is to say that, historically, aggressions were relatively limited in regional scope. This does not downplay the reprehensible past conflicts in Africa: the horrors of genocide – such as Rwanda, Darfur, etc. and entrenched prolonged warfare – such as Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo, etc. This is simply, and necessarily, to illustrate that the ramifications of warfare in Africa is quickly becoming a global hazard. The overwhelming contribution to this crises so far? Money, and quite literally tons of it. A 2009 WSJ article by Dambisa Moyo estimated over $1 trillion in fact. So, while the hopes of assisting in curtailing violence and degradation in the region have existed for decades, through foreign aid and, military and political partnerships, it is apparent that the structures in place for facilitation and management have failed to meet expectations. The current system of aid in Africa has become almost farcical. Broad strokes of assistance have missed the mark at best and have been actively harmful at worst. Much of the governmental fixtures that have grown from the influx of poorly distributed aid have actually stifled the genuine progress of their respective constituencies. Political institutions have propagated mostly as middle-men, profiteering from the flow of aid. In 2013, Transparency International placed all but five Sub-Saharan nations on the bottom half of its corruption rankings list. A new course of action is imperative to foster safety and augment economic growth. A discourse about the patronage of wealthy nations in intelligent intervention and investment is becoming more and more vital. That being said, undeterred by turmoil Africa is on the verge of a new day. Racked between geo-political vestiges of imperialism and vulnerable as potential prey to an aloof globalized economy, the region has desperately been seeking for a foothold of stability since the end of WW2. Despite a gridlock of corruption, sectarian violence, and humanitarian disasters, this century is poised to see African nations propelled into an elevated global status, both politically and economically. Countries like Botswana, Angola, and many others are experiencing an enormous growth in their middle-class sectors, which according to â€Å"The Economist† is projected to equal India’s middle-class sometime in 2015. While not the equivalent of the Western standard for middle-class this, consumer base will exponentially increase the marketability and influence of Africa’s economic bids. The consequences of increased economic pertinence is apparent throughout. A budding group of billi onaires speckle the continent, twenty-nine in fact according to Forbes in March. This is up from twenty only one year earlier. Granted, many are South African or hail from Northern Africa, countries not normally framed with Sub-Saharan Africa, but the proximity itself imparts salience. While functional and profitable large businesses develop, along with a stable middle-class, many African nations’ governments are beginning to politically mature. Even pockets of success from more circumspect aid programs exist, especially with micro-grants and loans to ground-level African entrepreneurs, demining initiatives, and the proliferation of educational opportunities. Considering Africa’s historical failures, and a perhaps tenuous grip upon a wave of rapid development, what are the right answers to best facilitate peace and stability? The necessity of foreign aid and intervention still exists. Reevaluating the distribution and access of aid, and developing prudent intervention strategies to comply with measurable outcomes is the only hope for these nations to surmount the magnitude of adversity that haunts the continent. Invariably, it seems to me, certain criteria must be met before a nation can hope to flourish: security and stability, transparency and accountability, and the development of business and infrastructure. While these guidelines are by no means exclusive of one another, nor strictly chronological in implementation. However, some semblance of this order is necessary, especially considering the familiar detachment of government policies to the populations they manage. The regression of the security situation, particularly Nigeria and Kenya the rising stars of self-reliance, threatens to derail these upwardly mobile countries by the very real potential of a conflict whose scope can easily exceed any in African history. The most significant distinction of this rising conflict are the links to a well-funded and ambitious international terrorist culture. Though intelligence is inherently faulty when evaluating extremist groups, links between African insurgency groups and organizations like A l Qaeda and (if not already, certainly soon) ISIS are all but assured. In light of emerging conflicts with borderless extremist organizations, and new found wealth, African defense budgets have soared 65% since 2004, according to The Economist, greater than any other region in that time frame. Almost without fail, since the onset of the Cold War era, ballooning defense budgets are often indicative of impending crises, not only in terms of violence but in the cessation of civil liberties and international instability. To ameliorate this the sale of materiel must follow a strict and discriminatory guideline. This is why the international community must be cohesive and cognizant, even apprehensive, as Kenya and Nigeria embark on their very own â€Å"War on Terror†. Unfortunately, the profit margin for manufacturing in the lucrative arms market is quickly establishing a place in Africa. The same Economist article divulged that â€Å"four major European arms manufacturers have set up African subsidiaries this year†. These will no doubt become e conomic boons but they carry with them the latency of war. One of McNamara’s lessons becomes relevant, â€Å"Proportionality should be a guideline in war†, indeed both in the manner in which it is waged and in the prevention of needless aggression. Problems arise with inflated military spending, the accessibility of war and the justification of expenditures compels nations to treat every problem like a nail with the hammers of automatic rifles. This is the often overlooked criticism of drone warfare. They are often more precise, accurate, and less apt to error than manned machines. A drone pilot in Nevada, overseen by hordes of high-ranking officials and lawyers, is less vulnerable to primal survival instincts and rash decisions. However, accessibility draws us into conflict. When the fear of casualty counts are not smeared on news broadcasts, a sense of invulnerability obfuscates wisdom. In the face of a ravenous enemy it is understandable, though undesirable, that one seeks safety behind the acquisition of arms and muzzle fla shes. Some strides have been made in anticipation of incautious military action. The U.N.’s Forward Intervention Brigade and African Union Peacekeepers have had success in presenting a unified front; the term coalition should be avoided these days to avoid negative connotations. These organizations also lend some transparency to unilateral operations and a more honest assessment of the aftermath of military operations. Obviously these methods of waging war are by no means faultless, it is a step in the right direction. Mutual policing will be fundamental in preventing atrocity. Andrew Muzonzini, the lead for Zimbabwe’s external intelligence agency offers a precocious insight in a Business Insider Article that is in line with the appropriate approach, â€Å"Ahead of time, we should seek to understand (the Islamic State) modus operandi if we are to anticipate and predict challenges ahead†. This conclusion, hopefully shared amongst the milieu of African politics, will (hopefully) be indicative of a circumspect and deliberate course of action to repel extremist behavior. A strong internal defense approach combined with precisely defined and rigidly tailored tactical excursions, targeting only locally substantiated objectives, should be the tenets of this nascent conflict. The global community needs to facilitate such equitable actions. More valuable than financial support, more accurate than high-tech weaponry, we must impart the lessons of an ineffective and prolonged conflict. The manner in which we defend ourselves should not be so broad as to alienate us from the world at large. Africa’s Muslim population’s safety must be assured. Sovereign nations must not be disaffected. And perhaps in the end Africa may edify the global community on how to maintain morality when confronting monsters. What is Online Examination System? What is Online Examination System? Online examinations, sometimes referred as e-examinations, are the examinations conducted through the internet or in an intranet (if within the Organization) for a remote candidate(s). Most of the examinations issue results as the candidate finish the examination, when there is an answer processing module also included with the system. They can be used to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. These examinations are conducted as open-book type examinations. Candidate is given a limited time to answer the questions and after the time expiry the answer paper is disabled automatically and answers is sent to the examiner. The examiner will evaluate answers, either through automated process or manually and the results will be sent to the candidate through email or made available in the web site. Today many organizations are conducting online examinations worldwide successfully and issue results online. There are advantages and disadvantages in online examinations. The main advantage is that it can be conducted for remote candidates and evaluation of answers can be fully automated for Multiple Choice questions and other essay type questions can be evaluated manually or through automated system, depending on the nature of the questions and the requirements. Also online examinations can be conducted at any time and does not incur higher cost as traditional exam scenario as there is no paper work involved(eg: printing exam papers, prepare paper admissions etc) , there is no invigilators, also no need of arrangement of exam centers. When comparing with traditional exam scenario the cost for an online examination will be almost zero after the online exam system is establishment and if maintenance cost is not considered. The disadvantage of the e-examination is the inability of invigilating. There are methodologies used in these examinations, when registering candidates and presentation of questions, so that to test candidates knowledge and skills. However with a limited time, candidate is not capable of totally depend on the reference materials or a supporting person. AIM OF THE PROJECT The aim of this project is to develop an online examination system by applying software engineering principles and best practices. The system will be built using popular Java/J2EE web technologies and framework available for web development. The system will be designed to be scalable, secure and robust. The online examination system will help in speeding up the process of conducting examination. Teachers will be able to create examinations by composing a set of questions. The questions can be multiple choice questions or single (text) answer question. The system will have the ability to automatically process the results of examination based on the question database. The system will have intelligent capabilities to mark the text based answers not only when there is an exact match, but it will also recognize similar answers by finding the synonyms of the words used in the answer. The system will also provide manual override feature where in the teacher can manually mark or update the result for an exam. The system will also have the capability to resume the examination from last save point, i.e., a student can stop the examination in the middle and can start again at any other time. When the student will start the same examination again, the exam will start from the same point where i t was stopped. The system will present a easy to use interface for Teachers, Students and Administrators. Once logged in, students will be able to see the examinations due and can take the examination. CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS EVALUATION OF EXAMINATION SYSTEM Paper -Based Examination: Paper -based examination are carrried out on fixed days and according to a fixed schedule. Therefore, the absentees rarely have another chance to take up the exam again. Moreover, they involve a lot of paper work (e.g. printing of exam papers, arranging answer sheets, etc ). The evaluation of these exam is also very tedious job,after the students complete their exams, theteacher has to mark each paper manually and then consolidate the result. This process is very cumbersome and takes a lot of time and hard work. Web- Based Examination: With the emergence of online examinations, the World Wide Web opens up the possibility of giving the exams online. The online examination system helps in speeding up the process of conducting examination. Teachers will be able to create examinations by composing a set of questions. The system will have intelligent capabilities to mark the text based answers not only when there is an exact match, but it will also recognize similar answers by finding the synonyms of the words used in the answer. The system will also provide manual override feature where in the teacher can manually mark or update the result for an exam. The system will also have the capability to resume the examination from last save point, i.e., a student can stop the examination in the middle and can start again at any other time. When the student will start the same examination again, the exam will start from the same point where it was stopped. The system will present a easy to use interface for Teachers, Students and Administrators. Once logged in, students will be able to see the examinations due and can take the examination. TECHNOLOGIES RESEARCH Web applications are either service oriented or presentation oriented. A presentation oriented web application involves generally mark up languages (e.g. XML and HTML) with dynamic contents responding to requests. On the other hand, a service oriented web applications implements the endpoint of the web service. Below is an analysis on Postgres, Hibernate, Spring and Wicket used to implement my project. POSTGRES PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) based on POSTGRES,Version 4.2 (http://s2k-ftp.CS.Berkeley.EDU:8000/postgres/postgres.html), developed at the University of California at Berkeley Computer Science Department. The POSTGRES project, led by Professor Michael Stonebraker, was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA),the Army Research Office (ARO), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and ESL, Inc. PostgreSQL is an open-source descendant of this original Berkeley code. It provides SQL92/SQL99language support and other modern features. POSTGRES pioneered many of the object-relational concepts now becoming available in some commercial databases. Traditional relational database management systems (RDBMS) support a data model consisting of a collection of named relations, containing attributes of a specific type. In current commercial systems, possible types include floating point numbers, integers, character strings, money,and dates. It is commonly recognized that this model is inadequate for future data processing applications. The relational model successfully replaced previous models in part because of its simplicity. However, as mentioned, this simplicity often makes the implementation of certainapplications very difficult. Postgres offers substantial additional power by incorporating the following additional concepts in such a way that users can easily extend the system: inheritance data types functions Other features provide additional power and flexibility: constraints triggers rules transaction integrity These features put Postgres into the category of databases referred to as object-relational. SPRING Spring Features Spring is a layered Java/J2EE application platform, based on code published in  Expert One-on-One J2EE Design and Development  by Rod Johnson (Wrox, 2002). Spring includes: The most complete lightweight container, providing centralized, automated configuration and wiring of your application objects. The container is  non-invasive, capable of assembling a complex system from a set of loosely-coupled components (POJOs) in a consistent and transparent fashion. The container brings agility and leverage, and improves application testability and scalability by allowing software components to be first developed and tested in isolation, then scaled up for deployment in any environment (J2SE or J2EE).    A common abstraction layer for transaction management, allowing for pluggable transaction managers, and making it easy to demarcate transactions without dealing with low-level issues. Generic strategies for JTA and a single JDBC DataSource are included. In contrast to plain JTA or EJB CMT, Springs transaction support is not tied to J2EE environments.    A JDBC abstraction layer  that offers a meaningful exception hierarchy (no more pulling vendor codes out of SQLException), simplifies error handling, and greatly reduces the amount of code youll need to write. Youll never need to write another finally block to use JDBC again. The JDBC-oriented exceptions comply to Springs generic DAO exception hierarchy.    Integration with Toplink, Hibernate, JDO, and iBATIS SQL Maps: in terms of resource holders, DAO implementation support, and transaction strategies. First-class Hibernate support with lots of IoC convenience features, addressing many typical Hibernate integration issues. All of these comply to Springs generic transaction and DAO exception hierarchies.    AOP functionality, fully integrated into Spring configuration management. You can AOP-enable any object managed by Spring, adding aspects such as declarative transaction management. With Spring, you can have declarative transaction management without EJB even without JTA, if youre using a single database in Tomcat or another web container without JTA support.    A flexible MVC web application framework, built on core Spring functionality. This framework is highly configurable via strategy interfaces, and accommodates multiple view technologies like JSP, Velocity, Tiles, iText, and POI. Note that a Spring middle tier can easily be combined with a web tier based on any other web MVC framework, like Struts, WebWork, or Tapestry. HIBERNATE Hibernate is popular open source object relational mapping tool for Java platform. It provides powerful, ultra-high performance object/relational persistence and query service for Java. Hibernate lets you develop persistent classes following common Java idiom including association, inheritance, polymorphism, composition and the Java collections framework. The Hibernate Query Language, designed as a minimal object-oriented extension to SQL, provides an elegant bridge between the object and relational worlds. Hibernate also allows you to express queries using native SQL or Java-based Criteria and Example queries. Hibernate is now the most popular object/relational mapping solution for Java. Hibernate maps the Java classes to the database tables. It also provides the data query and retrieval facilities that significantly reduces the development time. Hibernate is not the best solutions for data centric applications that only uses the stored-procedures to implement the business logic in database. It is most useful with object-oriented domain modes and business logic in the Java-based middle-tier. Hibernate allows transparent persistence that enables the applications to switch any database. Hibernate can be used in Java Swing applications, Java Servlet-based applications, or J2EE applications using EJB session beans. Features of Hibernate Hibernate 3.0 provides three full-featured query facilities: Hibernate Query Language, the newly enhanced Hibernate Criteria Query API, and enhanced support for queries expressed in the native SQL dialect of the database. Filters for working with temporal (historical), regional or permissioned data. Enhanced Criteria query API: with full support for projection/aggregation and subselects. Runtime performance monitoring: via JMX or local Java API, including a second-level cache browser. Eclipse support, including a suite of Eclipse plug-ins for working with Hibernate 3.0, including mapping editor, interactive query prototyping, schema reverse engineering tool. Hibernate is Free under LGPL: Hibernate can be used to develop/package and distribute the applications for free. Hibernate is Scalable: Hibernate is very performant and due to its dual-layer architecture can be used in the clustered environments. Less Development Time: Hibernate reduces the development timings as it supports inheritance, polymorphism, composition and the Java Collection framework. Automatic Key Generation: Hibernate supports the automatic generation of primary key for your. JDK 1.5 Enhancements: The new JDK has been released as a preview earlier this year and we expect a slow migration to the new 1.5 platform throughout 2004. While Hibernate3 still runs perfectly with JDK 1.2, Hibernate3 will make use of some new JDK features. JSR 175 annotations, for example, are a perfect fit for Hibernate metadata and we will embrace them aggressively. We will also support Java generics, which basically boils down to allowing type safe collections. EJB3-style persistence operations: EJB3 defines the create() and merge() operations, which are slightly different to Hibernates saveOrUpdate() and saveOrUpdateCopy() operations. Hibernate3 will support all four operations as methods of the Session interface. Hibernate XML binding enables data to be represented as XML and POJOs interchangeably. The EJB3 draft specification support for POJO persistence and annotations. WICKET Features Swing-like OO Component Model : Pages and Components in Wicket are real Java objects that support encapsulation, inheritance and events. Ease of Development : Because Wicket is Java and HTML, you can leverage what you know about Java or your favorite HTML editor to write Wicket applications. Separation of Concerns : Wicket does not mix markup with Java code and adds no special syntax to your markup files. The worlds of HTML and Java are parallel and associated only by Wicket ids, which are attributes in HTML and Component properties in Java. Since Wicket HTML is just HTML and Wicket Java is just Java, coders and designers can work independently to a large degree and without relying on any special tools. Secure : Wicket is secure by default. URLs do not expose sensitive information and all component paths are session-relative. Explicit steps must be taken to share information between sessions. There are plans for the next version of Wicket to add URL encryption to support highly secure web sites. Transparent, Scalable Clustering Support : All Wicket applications will work on a cluster automatically and without additional work. Once bottlenecks are understood, Wicket enables tuning of page state replication. The next version of Wicket will support client-side models for zero-state scalability. Transparent Back Button Support : Wicket supports configurable page version management. When users submit a form or follow a link from a page they accessed with the back button in their browser, Wicket is able to revert the page object to the state it was in when the page was originally rendered. This means you can write web applications that support the back button with very little work. Multi-tab and multi-window support : Wicket provides an easy way to write application that supports multi-window and multi-tab usage allowing developer to react properly when users open new browser window or tab Reusable Components : Reusable components in Wicket are particularly easy to create. Not only can you extend existing components with the Java extends keyword, but you can also create Panel components which associate a group of components as a reusable unit. Simple, Flexible, Localizable Form Validation : It is trivial to write and use validators in Wicket. It is also quite easy to customize and localize the display and content of validation error messages. Typesafe Sessions : Wicket eliminates the need to manage HttpSession attributes by hand. Page and component objects are transparently stored in the session and your application can create a custom session subclass with typesafe properties as well. All objects stored in the session can automatically participate in clustering replication. Factory Customizable : Wicket is very extensible. Most operations are customizable through factories or factory methods. Detachable Models : Model objects in Wicket can be very lightweight in terms of memory and network use in a cluster. When a model is used, it can attach, populating itself with information from persistent storage. When the model is no longer in use, transient information can be reset, reducing the size of the object. Border Components : Wicket Border components enable the decoration of pages in a reusable fashion. This is especially useful for inheritance of common navigational structures or layout. Support for All Basic HTML Features : Wicket supports image tags, links, forms and everything else that youre used to using in your web application development. Programmatic Manipulation of Attributes : Wicket Components can programmatically change any HTML tag attribute. Automatic Conversions : Once a Form validates, the model can be updated using Wicket converters. Most ordinary conversions are built-in and it is easy to write new converters. Dynamic Images : Wicket makes image use, sharing and generation very easy. Dynamic images can be created by simply implementing a paint method. Pageable ListView : ListViews in Wicket are extremely powerful. You can nest any kind of component in a ListView row, even other ListViews. PageableListView supports navigation links for large lists. Tree Component : Out of the box tree component for navigating and selecting nodes. Localization : HTML pages, images and resource strings can all be localized. CHAPTER-3 REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS The requirement analysis stage consists in collecting and analyzing information about the part of the organization that is supported by the application. This information helps us to identify the users requirements for the new system. This will enable us to define the various functionalities of the new system. The identification of the requirements is important as a system with incomplete functionality can lead to a project failure. 3.1 DATA GATHERING USER IDENTIFICATION Users of the system can be categorized as : Student Teacher Admin(Administrator) FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS The system aims to be an improvement on the existing one, the paper based system by : Fully automated system. Less time and effort consuming. Database should be well maintained with well structured database tables. The system should be scalable. Allow student and teachers to view the available exams. Allow student and teacher to view marks. Allow admin to manage the user system and exam system NON FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS Security : Each user is required to log into the system. This is done using a valid username and password. Login and password should be kept secret. Reliability : The system would be used by more than 200 students in the Computer Science Department, which includes academic and administrative staff. The system should ensure minimum downtime and be able to handle multiple requests. Ease of Use : All the user screens should be easy to use and intuitive. Contact details should be provided in order to get in touch with the administrator. Scalability : It is possible to extend the current features for future use of the system. Performance : The system should have a quick response time . DOMAIN REQUIREMENTS Specific functionality provided to the Admin: Manage User System : Admin can create a new user. Activate/deactivate an existing user.Admin can delete and edit a user. Manage Examination : Admin can edit an exam and assign exam to students. Admin can activate/deactivate any exam. Admin can also delete an exam. Specific functionality provided to the Teacher: Manage Examination : Teacher can create a new exam, edit existing exam. Create questions is one of the important functionality. Question can be textual or it can be single/multiple choice. Mark Exam : Teacher can do the marking of the exam either manually or it can be automated. Specific functionality provided to the Student : Answer Exam : Student can answer the exam assigned. View Point : Student can view the point of a question. He can also view his marks in a particular exam. PROJECT PLANNING Task no. Task Name Duration(days) Comments 1 Project Proposal 4 Deadline 30th September 2010 2 Requirements Specifications Ongoing Identify the users needs. 3 Research For technologies required by the system Ongoing Investigate the technologies to be used, the data structure. Identify important features which can be applied to the project implementation. 4 Architectural Design Ongoing Define different layers of the system and apply appropriate technologies to each layer. 5 Database Design 4 Apply Database schema provided by the School IT support team. Add necessary tables and relationships between them to make the application functional. 6 Prototype 3 Design Mock Interfaces of the application. 7 First Inspection 1 Start on 10th October 2010 8 Design Model 7 Class Diagrams Sequence Diagrams 9 Coding Phase 28 It will include connections to the database server. Develop the interfaces. And implement the functionalities of the system. Deadline 10th December 2010 10 Testing 5 Test all the features of the web application. 11 Final Inspection 1 Start on 20th December 2010 12 Dissertation Ongoing Write the dissertation. 13 Dissertation Submission 1 Deadline 7th January 2011 CHAPTER-4 SYSTEM AND DATABASE DESIGN 4.1 DATABASE DESIGN Table Name Description Answer Answer table is used to save all answer of student and right answer of teacher for each question configuration Configuration is used to save configuration information such as: term condition, mark ratio Examination Examination table is used to save exam Examuser ExamUser table is used to save user Question Question table is used to save question Role Role table is used to save role information studentexamination StudentExamination table is used to save the students which are assigned a particular exam. One student can have many examination and one examination can belongs to many students. user_role UserRole table is used for linking many-to-many relationship between user and role. 4.2 SYSTEM FUNCTION DESIGN At the start of the application , a Welcome Page is displayed. On the left side there are three buttons namely Home, Help and Log in. To log into the application , the user has to press the log in button. It displays a login page. The user is prompted to enter a username and a password. Any wrong login using invalid username and password will generate error message requiring the user to try again. During the user authentication check, the system will determine the type of user (admin, student,teacher) and redirect the user to the correct page with appropriate features. ADMINPAGE If the user logged in is admin, then Adminpage shows up. It has the following links Manage Examination : Admin can manage the Examination System. It can view all the examinations created. The Admin can assign students the exams. Manage User : Admin can manage the User System. This is used to manage the user data. Admin can create a new user, edit an existing , delete a user, enable / disable a user. Configuration : This is used to change the configuration of the exam like terms conditions and the marks ratio. ROLE OF ADMIN CREATE USER When the admin opts to create a new user, he inputs the user information like firstname, lastname, e-mail , username, password, course, role in the user management system. There it is checked whether the user exists or not, and the user information entered is valid or not. If it is valid it is saved into the database. Otherwise, an error message is displayed. ACTIVATE/DEACTIVATE A USER Admin can activate/deactivate any user. For this admin chooses a user from the user system, activate/deactivate the user. Then save it into the database. MANAGE EXAMINATION Admin can assign a particular exam to students. Admin can activate or deactivate any exam. TEACHER PAGE If the user logged in is teacher, Teacherpage shows up. It has the following links : Manage Examination : This is used to manage the existing exams in the database. A teacher can edit exam, create questions for a particular exam, view questions of a exam and mark a exam manually. Create Question : This is used to create question. A question can be textual, single choice or multiple choice. A teacher can also edit the existing questions in the database. Create Examination : This is used to create a new exam. Help : This is to help the teacher in creating a question. ROLE OF TEACHER CREATE EXAM When the teacher opts to create an exam, he inputs the exam name, duration of the exam, description of the exam, mark type into the exam system. There it is checked whether exam name exists or not, duration of the exam is valid or not. If all is valid it is saved into the data base otherwise an error message is returned back to the teacher. A teacher can also edit the existing exam in the database. CREATE QUESTION When the teacher opts to create a question for an exam. He chooses the exam from the exam system and creates a question for it. In the question management system it is checked whether the question content is correct or not. If it is correct, it is saved into the database otherwise an error message is returned to the teacher. MARK MANUALLY When the teacher opts to mark an exam manually, he chooses the exam to be marked from the exam system. He iterates each question and marks them. Then he saves the marks into database. STUDENT PAGE If the user logged in is a student, studentpage shows up. It has the following link : View Point : This is used to view the point assigned to a particular student. Answer Exam : This is used to answer the exam assigned to the student. ROLE OF STUDENT VIEW MARKS A student can view his marks in any exam . ANSWER AN EXAM A student can answer any particular exam assigned to him. He can view point assigned to a question also. INTERFACE DESIGN Figure: Welcome Screen This is the Welcome Screen of our application. On the left hand side there are three buttons : Home, Help, Log in. These enable the user to get to Home Page, Help and Log in helps the user to get logged into the system. The same header and footer will be applicable to every page to preserve the consistency and integrity of the application. We use the ApplicationContext.xml file to define some Java beans like dataSource, SessionFactory, etc so that we can retrieve them in the application. In this way we can reimplement the classes and use alternatively different implementations by just changing the configuration in the ApplicationContext.xml file. Once you have a sessionfactory, your application asks the factory for a session. Your application will use Hibernate sessions to manage the persistent objects. An application context configuration file is created for the entire application named applicationcontext.xml destroy-method=close> ${hibernate.dialect} ${hibernate.show-sql} ${hibernate.hbm2ddl-auto} I need to define a web.xml File contextConfigLocation classpath:application-context.xml;classpath:security-context.xml org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener Deploying the application will create a database called exam as shown below in the Figure CHAPTER 5- IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING APPLICATION IMPLEMENTATION Create User By Admin CreateUser.java String firstName = firstNameModel.getObject(); String lastName = lastNameModel.getObject(); String email = emailModel.getObject(); String course = courseModel.getObject(); ExamUser user = new ExamUser(); user.setUsername(username); user.setPassword(passwordEncoder.encodePassword(password, null)); user.setFirstName(firstName); user.setLastName(lastName); user.setEmail(email); user.setCourse(course); String selectedRoleName = roleModel.getObject().trim(); userService.createUser(user); Manage User By Admin ManageUser.java List> columns = new ArrayList>(); columns.add(new PropertyColumn(new Model(ID), id) { @Override public String getCssClass() { return numeric; } }); columns.add(new PropertyColumn(new Model(